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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiaues 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


I 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


^ 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couieur 


rXy  Covers  damaged/ 
j^^K.  Couverture  endommagde 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couieur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couieur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  e:/ou  illustrations  en  couieur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli^  avec  d'autres  documents 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  et6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibiiographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couieur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculees 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6colordes,  tachet^es  ou  piquees 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachees 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


D 
D 


Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppiementaire 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  ia 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  Intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6x6  film^es. 


n 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  6  rouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  imatje  possible. 


« 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplim 


smmentaires  suppiementaires;     n       ^ 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I       b^'l  I  I  I  I  I  I  I 


: 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


I 


few 


S 

btails 
s  du 
lodifier 
r  une 
Image 


!S 


errata 
to 


!  pelure, 
3n  d 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — •►  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  In  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


1 

2 

3 

L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
gdndrositd  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film^,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  termlnant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustratlon,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fllmSs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustratlon  et  en  termlnant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  §tre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  11  est  fllm6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  drolte, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


32X 


1  2  3 

4  5  6 




■_  — IIUIJlULl.     .III. 


THE 


L//^ 


CCfl^  ^  J 


POETICAL  GEOGRAPHY, 


DXBIOMBD     TO     ACCOMPANT 


OUTLINE   MAPS    OR    SCHOOL   ATLASES. 


TO  WHICH  ARE  ADDED  THE  RULES  OF  ARITHMETIC  IN  RHYME. 
BY    GEORGE    VAN    WATERS. 


He  towns  uid  mountains  which  banetth  roe  stood, 

And  rivers  rolling  to  the  darlt-blme  flood, 

And  isles  and  laltes  as  they  were  apread  to  me, 

I  '11  sing  aad  bind  upon  thy  memory : 

Harsh  sounds  in  smooth  unbroken  Ones  shall  glide 

As  free  and  easy  as  the  sparlcllng  tide. 


1^- 


X^'^ 


PUBLISHED    AT 
CINCINNATI,  PHILADELPHIA,  HARTFORD,  NEW  YORK,  AND  BOSTON. 

1  849. 


J 


vji<»i   .  "^    !*'•%.»•.'' 


N^>%  'Vs'vj**!*   ' 


.-^^ 


To  those  who  have  not  the  time  to  turn  over  a  large  volume,  who  are  not  preju- 
diced against  improvements  in  science  and  Uterature.  who  would  learn  the  leading 
features  of  a  very  difficult  branch  and  keep  it  in  the  memory,  who  have  a  relish  for 
the  novel,  and  a  curiosity  to  know  some  of  the  most  important  and  striking  charac- 
teristics of  nature  and  art;  in  a  word,  all  unprejudiced  and  generous  minds,  to 
such,  this  work  is  respectfully  dedicated  and  inscribed  by  their 

Humble  Servant, 

THE  AUTHOR, 

who  has  spared  neither  time  nor  labor  to  make  it  useful  and  intereating.  : 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1849,  by 

GEORGE  VAN  WATERS, 

In  the  Clerk'a  Offlce  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  for  the  District  of  Ohio. 


JAMBS  k  CO.,  Steraotypws,  CinciaMti. 


J.  A.  k  0.  P.  JAMES'  Stum  Vnt. 


(n) 


J 


•?^ 


X'i-'^ 


V"> 


^ 


PREFACE 


ho  are  not  preju- 
learn  the  leading 
1  have  a  relish  for 
i  striking  charac- 
nerous  minds,  to 

ant, 

iE  AUTHOR, 

reating. 


t  of  Ohio. 


.,  StewHypws,  CilitiBMti. 
JAMES'  Sleim  Pre*. 


One  of  the  extravagances  of  authors,  is,  in  flattering  themselves  that  their  own  productions 
arc  superior  to  those  of  their  rivals,  and  many,  to  make  it  appear  more  obvious  than  it  may  be, 
essay  to  turn  the  public  favor  from  their  competitor's  merits,  by  defects  real  or  pretended,  which 
they  are  careful  to  exhibit ;  presenting  their  own  at  the  same  time,  in  their  most  brilliant  colors. 

But,  avoiding  this  extreme,  the  Author  of  this  work  would  ask  leave  only  to  show  the  need 
and  worth  of  a  rhyming  system,  in  securing  a  knowledge  of  the  branch  here  treated  of,  and 
leave  others  to  decide  how  far  he  has  succeeded  in  the  formation  of  such. 

That  proper  names  are  more  difficult  to  retain  in  the  memory,  than  common,  is  almosf 
oiiperfluous  to  mention.  In  acquiring  general  terms,  or  in  the  study  of  language,  the  continual 
repetition  of  the  same  words,  and  our  familiarity  with  the  subjects  to  which  they  are  applied, 
renders  it  less  difficult  to  the  memory,  than  in  learning  proper  names  that  are  fixed  to 
denote  one  thing  only,  and  never  occur  unless  the  objects  or  thmgs  for  which  they  stand  are 
particularized. 

Geography  is  a  branch  that  is  studied  by  nearly  all — but  how  few  among  the  vast  number, . 
who  spend  years  in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  it,  ever  retain  or  remember  it. 

But  the  defect  is  not  to  be  attributed  to  the  works  studied,  but  to  the  poverty  of  memory ; 
the  retentive  powers  of  the  mind  are  not  endowed  with  energies  competent  to  the  task  of 
sustaining  so  cumbrous  a  load ;  some  mechanical  aid  is  requisite,  and  hence  the  utility  of  a 
work  of  the  present  kind. 

The  passions  and  sympathies  of  the  juvenile  mind  appear  to  be  fully  blown  and  matured 
when  the  understanding  and  reason  are  yet  in  the  bud ;  and  that  which  is  addressed  to  the 
former,  at  that  early  age,  is  more  pleasing  and  impressive  than  that  which  represents  itself  to 
the  latter ;  and  thus  it  is  that  poetry,  from  the  emotions  and  feelings  which  it  excites  in  the 
premature  element,  is  taken  cognizance  of  more  readily  than  things  ot  a  diffijrent  nature. 

It  is  this  that  has  held  ts  superior  claim  in  ages  past  over  all  of  the  other  Arts ;  and  they 
who  traverse  her  fields,  traverse  the  fields  of  nature — fields  whose  beauties  attract,  and  whose 
imagery  excites  pleasure  and  admiration.  Its  command  over  the  mind  is  from  infancy  to  old 
age ;  the  prattler  soothed  by  the  lullaby — the  youth  elated  by  the  rhyme  and  song  when  a 
disrelish  is  evinced  for  every  other  thing  of  a  literary  nature — and  the  middle  aged  and  old, 
enraptured  by  the  sentimental  and  sublime,  are  striking  manifestations. 

The  author  has  endeavored  to  circumscribe  in  as  small  a  space  as  possible,  the  matter  here 
presented,  and  by  so  doing,  has  sacrificed  ornament  to  brevity,  which  is  the  leading  characteristic 
of  the  work. 

From  the  different  pronunciations  that  names  admit  of,  and  the  unsettled  difference  among 
the  learned  and  unlearned,  as  to  their  correct  orthoepy,  the  manner  of  pronunciation  here,  may 
by  many,  be  deemed  imperfect,  and  by  a  different  pronunciation,  render  many  of  the  lines 
prosaic  and  disproportionate  in  measure,  which  will  doubtless  be  an  objection  offered  to  the 
reception  pf  the  work  ;  but  such  an  objection  would  be  unjust  and  unwarrantable  ;  it  would  be 
utterly  impossible  to  establish  a  system  of  orthoepy,  which  would  be  sanctioned  by  all.  That 
of  the  present  work  is  founded  principally  on  the  authority  of  Baldwin,  Worcester,  and  Morse — 
and  if  theirs  be  adhered  to,  no  irregularities  of  sound  or  quantity  will  be  discernible. 

The  following,  from  Joseph  E.  Worcester,  will  serve  to  show  the  impossibility  of  establishing 
a  uniform  system  of  pronunciation  of  foreign  names,  and  also,  the  high  claims  of  Common 
Custom  (and  it  might  be  said  with  pnjprit'ty,  "  Common  Sense"),  in  settling  this  matter. 

"  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  geographical  names,  which  assume  such  diflerent  forms  in 
different  languages,  should  be  pronounced  differently  by  the  inhabitants  of  different  countries, 
and  in  accordance  with  the  analogies  of  their  respective  languages.  All  the  common  geograph- 
ical names,  such  as  are  familiar  to  all  intelligent  persons,  have  become  more  or  less  Anglicized, 
and  their  pronunciation  is  more  or  less  conformed  to  the  English  analogy.     Many  of  these 


.1 
•i 


w 


IV 


PREFACE, 


words  mav  be  considered  as  perfectly  Anglicized,  and  are  pronounced  as  common  English 
words;  but  there  are  many  that  arc  only  partially  Anglicized,  and  with  regard  to  such  it  is 
often  difficult  to  detci-mine  how  far.  in  pronouncing  them,  the  English   analogy  should   be 

^  "^itrrespect  to  the  class  of  words  which  are  partially  Anglicized,  there  is  a  great  diversity 
in  the  manner  of  pronouncing  them.  Some  respectable  speakers  incline  to  pronounce  them  for 
the  most  part,  according  to  tfie  English  a.wlogy,  while  others  aspire  to  pronounce  them  as  they 
are  pronounced  in  the  several  liuiguages  to  which  they  appeiUin ;  and  there  are  many  cases 
in  which  it  is  difficult  to  determine  which  is  most  to  be  approved,  the  English  or  foreign  method  . 
but  a  medium  between  the  two  extremes  may  be  regarded  generally  as  a  judicious  course. 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  THE  LEARNER. 

The  manner  of  learning  this  work,  should  be  to  commit  the  pot>tical  part  perfectly  to  memoiy, 
wHh  the  outline  or  common  school  maps  before  the  pupil,  to  fix  the  locations  m  his  mind. 

The  pupil  should  be  required  to  transpose  the  sentences  mto  prose,  and  should  become  so 
famiUar  wfth  the  subject,  that  an  answer  could  be  given  as  to  the  U>cation  of  a  place,  or  for 
what  it  is  noted,  without  having  to  repeat  the  pwtry.  1  he  pronunciation  should  be  thoroughly 
studied,  for  without  this,  rhythm  rmd  measure  are  both  lost. 


; 


ITEMS  AND  FACTS. 

1.  This  work  is  not  intended  as  an  independent  work,  but  is  made  to  accompany 
any  of  the  common  school  geographies  and  atlases. 

2.  It  can  be  learned  by  children,  and  in  fact  by  all,  to  a  greater  advantage  than 
any  other.     It  combines  the  useful  with  the  agreeable. 

3  It  is  not  calculated  to  supersede  any  of  the  school  geographies,  or  make  a 
change  of  school  books,  but  is  designed  as  an  accompaniment  to  them. 

4.  It  is  calculated  for  old  and  young,  learned  and  unlearned,  for  the  infant  school 

and  the  college.  .     ,        ,    ,      r  .l  i    »         „ 

5  If  any  think  the  task  too  great,  to  commit  the  whole  of  the  work  to  mem- 
ory let  them  learn  parts  of  it,  such  as  the  towns,  or  the  rivers  of  the  country  they 
are'  most  interested  in.  An  old  Arabic  proverb  runs  thus :  "  Because  you  cannot 
secure  the  whole,  lose  not  the  whole."  ,  .    ,      .,  _* 

6.  A  knowledge  of  geography  can  be  obtained  from  this  work  m  less  than  a  quarter 
of  the  time,  that  it  can  be  from  any  other.  „  ,_        .      ,  u-      • 

7.  In  writing  this  work,  recourse  has  been  had  to  all  the  school  geographies  in 
use,  as  well  as  histories,  books  of  travel,  gazetteers,  cyclopedias,  &c. 


^^  ^  -■Jtt-.^a.-ia   ■:^rj,:M>a:..,.--:^.n-„  -i,i„rm-. 


common  English 
ard  to  such,  it  is 
alogy  should  be 

a  great  diversity 
>noimce  them,  for 
ncc  them  as  they 
e  are  many  cases 
r  foreign  method ; 
:ious  course." 


fectly  to  memoiy, 
in  his  mind, 
should  become  so 
of  a  place,  or  for 
uld  be  thoroughly 


■(■pw^Aw«»i<*iw«pyi.ni,i  wm' 


e  to  accompany 

advantage  than 

phies,  or  make  a 

hem. 

the  infant  school 

e  work  to  mem- 
the  country  they 
ause  you  cannot 

!S8  than  a  quarter 

I  geographies  in 
kc. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Away  into  a  grove  young  Alva  strayed, 
His  task  to  learn  beneath  the  cooling  shade ; 
Before  him  lay  an  Atlas  open  wide, 
Where  towns  and  mountains  stood  on  every  side ; 
Long  on  its  page  his  studious  mind  was  placed, 
But  dark  Forgetfulness  each  name  defaced ; 
At  length  discouraged,  sorrow  o?er  him  press'd, 
And  a  deep  sigh  came  from  his  laboring  breaat, 
When  lo !  a  seraph  stood  before  his  face, 
And  beamed  with  radiance  of  celestial  grace ; 
In  his  right  hand  a  golden  lyre  he  held, 
And  'mid  ambrosial  clouds  poised  o'er  the  field ; 
The  astonished  boy  could  scarce  his  presence  brook, 
While  the  fair  Spirit  thus  his  errand  spoke : 

"  I  am  a  traveler,  on  my  SBrial  way. 
Across  the  gulf  of  vast  immensity 
I  speed  my  course,  and  in  a  moment  pass, 
From  star  to  star — from  world  to  universe. 
Creation's  furthest  skirts  I  have  beheld. 
And  marshalled  o'er  her  wide  unbounded  field ; 
And  when  I  winged  the  vast  profound  of  space, 
This  world  remote  reared  up  her  clayey  face ; 
With  rapid  flight,  upon  extended  oars 
I  came  and  circled  round  her  terrene  shores — 
All  I  beheld — but  ere  I  passed  away 
To  other  worlds,  I  cast  mine  eyes  on  thee. 
I  saw  the  tear  roll  from  thy  sparkling  eye. 
And  why  it  rolled,  I  need  not  ask  thee  why  ; 


TT 


I 
I    i 


\\ 


mmmmiimmitmt. 


VI 


INTRODUCTION. 


I  've  come,  my  boy,  to  wipe  the  falling  tears, 

And  give  an  opiate  for  thy  grief  and  feara : 

The  towns  and  mountains  which  beneath  me  stood, 

And  rivers  rolling  to  the  dark-blue  Hood, 

And  isles  and  lakes  as  they  were  spread  to  me, 

I  '11  sing  and  bind  upon  thy  memory : 

Harsh  sounds  in  smooth  unbroken  lines  shall  glide 

As  free  and  easy  as  the  sparkling  tide. 

When  first  I  launched  me  down  the  ethereal  sky, 
Columbia's  shores  were  spread  before  mine  eye 
In  dusky  features,  for  the  orb  of  day 
Blazed  on  the  antipodes,  the  other  way, 
And  the  pale  moon,  fair  empress  of  the  night, 
Sat  veiled  in  glory,  on  her  chariot  bright. 
And  now  of  that,  which  lay  beneath  my  \\dng, 
Harp,  raise  thine  airs,  and  aid  me  as  I  sing." 
Thus  having  said,  he  struck  his  heavenly  lyre. 
And  sang  in  accents  of  celestial  fire. 


*^telSS.«*&iS^ 


THE 


POETICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


I. -GEOGRAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS 


Ky 


Geography. 

The  surface  of  the  Earth,  with  all  its  tribes, 
Of  f«a  and  land,  Creography  describes. 

The  Earth. 

This  Earth  is  but  a  mighty  bell  profound, 
Just  live  and  twenty  thousand  miles  around  : 
One  fourth  the  surface  of  this  globe  is  land ; 
'I'hrec  fourths  are  water,  as  you  understand. 


Proae  Deflnltloni. 

Geography — Geography  is  a  description  of  the 

earili't  surface. 

The  enrth  is  a  lar^  ball,  the  diametijr  of  which  ia  eight  thou- 
SHiiil  miles,  and  ihe  citcumference, or  distance aroand  it, iwenty- 
tive  thousand. 

One  fourth  of  the  aurface  of  the  earth  is  land,  aud  the  other 
three  foiirtha  water. 

The  earth  ia  one  of  the  plane\a  that  revolve  around  the  inn ; 
which  circuit  it  performa  once  in  a  year.  It  tarna  round  upon 
it«  axia  once  in  twenty  four  houra.  Its  distance  from  the  sun  is 
ninety  five  milliona  of  milea.       .     . 


II. -DIVISIONS    OF    LAND. 


DIvlMlons. 

Of  lain],  and  its  divisions,  read  the  stoiies; 
Peniivtulas,  Cuiilinenln,  Islandu,  Promontories, 
And  hthmuses  and  Capes,  and  Afuuntains  high, 
Vokanoss,  Shore-i,  and-  Deiertu,  wet  and  dry. 

The  Land   is  divided  into  Continents,  Islands, 

Promontories,  Isthmuses.  Ciipcs,  Mountains,  Voleanoei',  Shores, 
Deserts,  &c. 

The  aurface  of  land,  to  the  surface  of  water,  ia  1  to  4 ;  but 
the  cubic  proportions  are  uiikuown. 


Continents. 

A  Continent  is  a  vast  extent  of  land, 

Where  rivers  run  and  boundless  plains  expend ; 

Where  mountains  rise— where  towns  and  cities  grow. 

And  nations  live,  and  all  their  care  bestow. 

Two  continents  only,  on  this  globe  are  seen — 

Eaufem  and  Westrm,  are  their  names  (I  ween)  ; 

The  Ea.itern  Continent,  we  see,  divide 

In  Europe,  Africa,  and  Asia  wide. 

The  Western  Continent  we  next  behold, 

Where  North  and  South  America  unfold. 


8 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 


The 
Tl>« 


A   Continent  is  a  yast  extent    of   land,  not 

divided  by  water. 

There  are  Iwo  contiiienl*— ihe  Eauem  and  Weiteni. 
Kaatern  Conlinent  compriiee  Kurope,  Ana,  and  Africa. 
Wealern  Continent  compriiea  North  and  Smith  America. 

IslandH. 

Islands,  upon  all  «i<le«,  the  wates  nirrouml ; 
In  liyen,  lakes,  and  »eo»,  and  oceans  found. 
An  Island  is  a  portion  of  land,  ourrounded  by 

water;  ai,  Long  Uloiid,  Ule  of  France,  Ule  of  Man.  Iculand, 
Ireland,  &c. 

Penlminlas. 

A  Peninaula,  the  dark  sea  wave  entwine*, 
Save  by  some  neck  that  to  the  main  land  joins. 
A  narrow  portion  of  land,  extending  into  the 

tea,  ii  called  a  Peninsula |  as,  Malacca,  Culllornl!^  Itc. 

Mountalas. 

Mountains  are  high  and  •Icrated  land. 
That  risea  o'er  the  province,  dark  and  gtand. 
A  Mountain  is  a  high  elevatioii  of  land,  that 

riiet  above  the  lurrouiidiiig  country  laa,  Moual  Sinai.  Mount 
Holyoke,  the  While  Mountains,  *c.  The  top  of  a  mooniain  n 
called  the  Bummit;  the  liotiom  i»  the  »ool,orba»e.  When  the 
land  ri»c»  to  a  small  hight,  it  i*  called  a  kfU.  The  apace  between 
two  hill!  or  mountains  i«  called  a  valley. 

When  the  land  is  flat  and  1  vel.  It  is  eallod  a|>lain.  Kxlen- 
sive  plains  are  called.in  the  United  Slats*,  prairies;  as.  Rock 
Prairie,  in  Rock  county,  Wisconsin.  In  Sooth  America,  they 
are  called  pampas  or  lianas.  In  Asia,  steppes ;  w,  the  Steppes 
oflssim,  in  the  southwestern  purl  of  Sibens. 

TaUeys. 

Valleys  are  spaces  'tween  the  mountains  sptoad, 
Safe  fioiu  the  storm  that  scathes  the  mountain's  bead. 


Valleys  are  spaces  between  mouatains,  or  hills. 

They  are  soineiime*  called  vales. 

Volcanoe«k 

Volcanoes,  from  their  crateis,  voiait  fir*. 
And  smoke  and  lava,  in  a  stream,  most  dire. 

Volcanoes  arc  mountains  that  send  forth  fire 

and  smoke  from  Iheir  lops.  and  soniulimes  melli'd  sloiies.  The 
opening  ill  the  top.  i»  called  the  craltr.  The  discharge  of 
melted  inatier,  is  called  an  enif  lion.  The  matter  thrown  out, 
is  called  lava. 

Cape*. 

A  point  of  liuid  extending  in  the  sea. 
Is  called  a  Cape ;  as  Cape  Romania. 

Pro(iiontorle.«. 

When  high  above  the  waves,  or  dark  seas  hoary. 
The  proud  Cape  hangs,  't  is  called  a  Pronumtory, 

A  Cape  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into   ir>i 

sea ;  as  Cape  Horn.  Cape  Ann,  &c. 
A  higfa  Cape  is  a'Pramcntory. 

Deserts. 

A  Desert  is  a  Taat  and  sandy  plain, 
Where  sweeps  the  simoom  and  the  hurricane, 
Where  vegetation  neither  grows  nor  thrives, 
Wbeie  potbing  finds  repose,  and  no  one  lives. 

A  Desert  la  a  rast  and  sandy  plain,  destitute  of 

fetation;  as  Sahara  in  Alrica,  Attacama  in  South  America. 


regi 


Tcijeiniiuii ,  «B.?«iit»,i»  111    (»iiiv.»,  j».*«..w....    ...  . '."      rl 

A  fertile  spot  in  a  Desert  is  called  an  Oasis ;  as  the  Uasis 
of  Fezzan  in  Sahara.  Thfese  Oases  in  the  Deserts  serve  as 
resting  places  for  caravans  that  cross  them.  . 


III. -DIVISIONS    OF    WATER. 

Seas. 

Seas  are  large  bodies  of  the  briny  tido, 


The  Water  next,  of  this  great  globe  we  mention. 

Of  Sea*  and  Oeeani  first,  of  vast  extension, 

Then  Archipelagoes,  and  Gitlfi,  and  Bays, 

And  Lake*  and  Channels,  next  the  eye  surveys, 

And  Sounda,  and  Friths,  and  Roads,  and  Harbors  too. 

With  Sitters  rolUng  to  the  da*  seas  blue. 

The  Water  is  divided  into  Oceans,  Seas,  Gulfs, 
Bays,  Archipelagoes,  Lakes,  Channels,  Straits,  Harbors,  Roads, 
Uavans,  ftc. 

OceaiM. 


By  land  encircled  round  on  every  side. 
A  Sea  is  a  collection  of  ealt  water  surrounded 

by  land ;  as  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Arcblp^a^oefl. 

A  Sea  filled  full  of  Islands,  well  you  know. 
Is  always  called  an  Archipelago. 

A  Sea  filled  full  of  Islands  is  called  an  Archi- 
pelago; BstheCirecian  Archipelago. 

Gulft,  or  Bays. 

A  Gulf  or  Bay,  is  when  the  waves  expand 
To  wide  extent,  encroaching  on  the  land. 
When  the  sea,  or  water  extends  up  into  the 

land,  it  is  called  a  Gulf  or  Bay ;    as  the  Boy  of  Fundy,  Gulf  of 
Bothnia,  lie. 

liakes. 

An  Ocean  ia  a  vast  oxtwit  of  hrine,  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^j^  ^g^,  q^^  ,^  always  found, 

Or  salt  sea  water,  boundless  and  subume.  ^^  ^^^  compassed  upon  all  ades  around. 

An  Ocean  is  a  vast  extent  of  salt  water  not  ,^^  .^  ^  ^^,    ^^  ^^^^^  surrounded  by  land, 

'^'^X.'r^o-eV.r^l^.r'^^"'^^^^^                            "••«"    XTe'^^ie"  ""'~"^''""  "" """  "  '""  '"'          ' '""' 
Brlac,  kc. 


III     1 '     '■•■^~ 


en  mouBUina,  or  hiiU. 


o«i». 

aten,  voioit  fire, 
a  rtream,  most  dite, 

IS  that  Bead  forth  fire 

iiclimen  mellfd  tloiics.  Thu 
R  eratir.  Tlie  ditcliarge  of 
on.    The  mstter  thrown  cul, 


IS. 

ng  in  th«  aca, 

>pe  Komania. 

iorie!*. 

a,  or  dark  aeas  hoary, 
9  called  a  Pronumtary, 

ind  extending  into  ihi 


rto. 

ndy  plain, 

m  and  the  hurricane, 
r  grows  nor  thrives, 
oic,  and  no  one  lives. 

andy  plain,  destitute  of 

Attucanin  in  South  America. 
»lleil  an  Oai-is;  aa  ihe  Oasis 
asea  in  the  Deserts  serve  as 
rost  tbem.  - 


8. 

f  the  briny  tido, 
d  on  every  side. 
'  salt  water  surrounded 

lagoes. 

,nd»,  well  you  know, 

thipelago. 

inds  is  called  an  Archi- 

ago. 

■  Bays. 

m  the  waves  expand 

iching  on  the  land. 

;er  extends  up  into  the 

as  the  Bay  of  Fniidjr,  Gulf  of 

as,  and  always  found, 
1  all  ddes  around. 
Iter  surrounded  by  land, 
water  i*  fresh  instead  of  salt; 


^•"G* 


DIVISIONS    OF    WATER. 


Straits. 

A  narrow  passage,  like  a  door  or  gale. 
That  leads  into  some  sea,  is  eallcil  a  Strait. 

A  passage  of  water  that  leads  between  two  seas, 

or  bodies  ol  wntcr.  is  called  a  Striiit :  as  tlic  Htraiis  of  Mngellan, 
between  South  America  and  the  Island  ol' Terra  del  Kuego. 

Channeln. 

A  Channel  is  a  Btrait  tliat  opens  wide ; 

As  thn  Kiiiflinh  Chanwi,  where  proud  ntivics  ride. 

A   Channel   is  a  wide  strait ;    as  the  Enelisli 

Chaiinfl.  ,  * 

SoundN. 

A  .Strait  so  nhallow  that  its  depth  is  found. 
By  lend  or  anchor,  oft  is  called  a  Hound. 

When  a  strait  is  so  shallow  that  iu  depth  can 

be  measured  by  a  lead  and  line,  it  is  called  n  Sound. 


Rivers. 

Rivers  are  streanu,  by  numerous  branches  formed, 

That  ftom  the  highlands  to  the  seas  are  turned. 

A  River  is  a  large  stream  of  water,  formed  by 

numerous  branches,  that  empties  into  some  ..en,  gulf,  lake  or  bay. 
The  place  where  a  river  rises,  is  called  its  source;  ihi!  place 
whore  It  empties  is  called  its  inoulh.    The  small  streams  that 
empiy  iiiio  il  are  called  its  branches. 

Plrtiis. 

.\  River  wid'ning  'tween  its  banks  of  earth. 
Towards  its  mouth,  is  called  a  Fritk  or  Firl/i. 
The  widening  of  a  river  toward  its  mouUi,  is 

called  a  Frith  or  Kirth;  as  Sol  way  Frith  in  {Scotland;  the  Firtli 
of  the  Risr  Forth. 

Harbors  or  Havens. 

A  Harbor  or  a  Haven,  is  a  port. 
Where  ships  in  safety,  from  the  storm  resort. 
A  Harbor  or  Haven  is  a  port  where  ships  may 

run  111  uud  find  shelter  from  the  storm. 


EXPLANATIONS  NECESSARY  TO  THE  USE  OF  MAPS. 


HenUspberes. 

The  world  'i  a  Globe,  the  world  we  live  on  here ; 
One  half  a  globe  is  called  a  Htmisphtre. 


Eastern  and  Wuteni  Hennsp/ieres  are  found 
Upon  the  Map  that  shows,  the  world  is  round. 
Northern  and  Southern  Hemispheres  besidi). 
One  North,  one  South  the  Equator  is  espied. 


The  word  htmi- 
sphtre is  formed 
from  hemi,  that  sig- 
fies  half,  and  sphere, 
globe  or  ball ;  so, 
half  the  earth  is 
called  ^hemisphere. 

The  Western 
Hemisphere  in- 
cludes North  and 
South  America. 


The  Northern 
Hemisphere  i  n  - 
eludes  all  that  part 
of  the  earth  North 
of  the  Equator. 


The  Eastern 
Hemisphere  i  n  - 
eludes  Europe, 
Asia  and  Africa. 


The  Southern 
Hemisphere  i  n  - 
chides  all  South 
of  the  Equator. 


mummm 


10 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


A  circle  drawn  around  the  earth,  and  greater 
Than  any  parallel,  is  calipd  the  Equatar. 
The  Equator  is  a  fancied  line,  that  folds 
Around  the  earth,  half  way  b»>twcon  the  poles. 
This  circle  '^  called  the  E/uiiioctiul  Line, 
For  when  the  Solar  orb  doth  o'er  it  sliine, 
The  daya  and  nights  are  equal,  as  the  clocks 
And  watches  all  proclaim  the  Equitua:. 
That  part  of  the  earth  which  is  just  half  way 

between  ihe  iNorlh  and  Hoinh  poles,  or  eqimliy  .li»mni  Irom  llie 
poles,  is  called  the  Kquator.  It  is  the  wnrm.^st  port  of  the 
fearth,  ns  the  sun's  rays  are  more  direct  on  ihis  portion  than 
any  other.    It  is  called  by  mariners  s.tnply,  the  Line. 

Tropic*. 

Tropics  are  circles  that  restrict  the  sun. 
Which  with  the  equator  parallel  doth  run, 
Just  fwenty-fhree  and  a  half  degrees  they  shine 
Both  North  and  South  the  Equatorial  line. 


The  North  is  Cancer  called.  South  Caprieom, 
For  here  the  sun  doth  in  his  pathway  turn, 
And  backward  trace  his  steps;  these  circles  show 
The  limiu  of  the  solar  orb  below. 

Tropics  are  circles  that  run  parallel  with  the 

lOquator,  at  the  distance  of  twenty  three  and  a  half  degrees 

North  and  South  of  it.    The  circle  North  of  the  Jxiuator,  is 

culled  the  Tropic  of  Cancer.    The  one  South  of  the  Equator,  is 

cHlled  Ihe  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 
Tropic  siL'nifics  return ;  for  when  the  sun  arrives  as  far  froni 

the  h>iuulor  as  either  of  these  lines,  it  appears  to  slop  and 

relrace  its  steps. 
The  sun  crosses  Ihe  Equator  twice  a  year;  on  the 21st  of 

March  niid  the  2l9l  of  Septemlier. 
!      IiisovcrlJie  Tropic  of  Ciinccr  the  21st  of  June;  which  is 
!  called  the  Summer  Solstice.    This  is  the  longest  day  in  the 
'  year,  to  all  Norih  of  the  K<iuator,  and  the  shortest  to  all  South 

of  it. 
The  sun  is  over  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  the  2lst  of  Decein- 

ber;  this  is  called  the  Winter  Solstice.    Itis  the  shortest  day  in 

the  year,  to  all  North  of  the  Ikjuaior,  and  the  longest  to  all 

South  of  It. 


Polar  Circles. 

And  of  the  Polar  Circles  now  I'll  tell : 

They  with  the  Tropics  are  found /)o     "el; 

Just  twenli/  three,  mu  half,  and  nothi.;g  less  (23i), 

Aloof  the  Poles;— these,  in  degrees,  I  guess. 

The  Polar  Circles  are  parallel  with  the  Tropics, 

and  aSi  degrees  from  the  I'oles.  This,  in  geographic  miles, 
would  he  1410  miles,  the  distance  from  the  Pole  to  the  Circle  ; 
twice  this  distance,  or  2aao  miles,  is  the  diameter  of  .hb  Arctic  or 
Antarctic  Circle,  or  the  Frigid  Zones. 
1  When  the  8nn  is  over  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  all  Ihat  part 
•  within  the  Arctic  Circle  has  constant  day ;  and  all  that  part 
in  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  constant  night.  The  i.=*er»e  takes 
place  when  the  Sun  is  over  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  on  the  aisl 
of  December. 

At  Ihe  Poles  it  is  day  six  months  of  the  year,  without  intermis- 
sion :  for  this  length  of  time,  the  sun  is  visible  above  the  horizon. 
The  other  six  months  of  the  year,  It  is  one  dark,  dreary  night. 


Meridians. 

Meridians  run  from  Pole  to  Pole  ('tis  true). 
Cutting  the  Equator,  at  right  angles,  through  ; 
They're  used  to  reckon  distance,  east  and  west, 
And  of  all  other  wayg  have  proved  the  best 


Meridians 
are,  also,  imagi- 
nary lines, 
drawn  on  the 
Map,  to  reckon 
distance,  east  or 
west,  from  any 
one  of  them. 
They  run  from 
the  North  to  the 
South  Pole. 

All  places 
through  which 
the  same  meri- 
dian passes  have 
noon,  or  mid- 
night, at  the 
same  time. 


Parallels  of  I^atltude. 

Now  Parallels  of  Latitude  we'll  view : 

They  ore  lines  that  pass  around  the  globe  (not  through). 

As  parallel  they  with  the  Equator  run. 

Eastward  and  westward  is  the  course  they  turn. 


Parallels  of 
Latitude  are 
lines  on  the 
Map,  used  to 
reckon  dis- 
tances, north 
or  south,  of  the 
Etiuator. 


lied,  South  Capricorn, 
1  his  pathway  turn, 
steps;  these  circles  show 
rb  below. 

It  run  parallel  with  the 

■my  ihrHP.  and  a  half  degrees 
jirele  Norlli  of  the  Equator,  is 
e  one  South  of  the  Equator,  is 

hen  the  sun  arrives  as  far  from 
:  lines,  it  appears  to  slop  and 

r  twice  a  year;  on  the  31st  of 

jr. 

:pr  the  21  st  of  June;  which  is 

I'his  is  the  longest  day  in  the 

ir,  and  the  shortest  to  all  South 

f  Capricorn  the  2lst  of  Decem- 
olstice.  It  is  the  shortest  day  in 
lOqualor,  and  the  longest  to  all 


Circles. 

a  now  I'll  tell: 

are  iound^o     ''</; 

half,  and  noth»-;g  less  (23J), 

5,  in  degrees,  I  guess. 

parallel  with  the  Tropics, 

les.  This,  in  geographic  miles, 
ince  from  the  Pole  to  the  Circle  ; 
es.  is  ihe  diameter  of  ..".e  Arctic  or 
Zones. 

e  tropic  of  Cancer,  all  Ihat  part 
constant  day ;  and  all  that  part 
slant  night.  The  i^^eme  takes 
e  tropic  of  Capricorn,  on  the  31si 

nlhs  of  the  year,  without  intermis- 
e  sun  is  visible  above  Ihe  horizon. 
mt,  it  is  one  dark,  dreary  night. 


of  I..atltude. 

le  we'll  view : 

iTound  the  globe  (not  through). 

Equator  run, 

is  the  course  they  turn. 

1^1 


Parallels  of 
L  a  t  i  t  u  d  e  are 
lines  on  the 
Map,  used  to 
reckon  dis- 
tances, north 
or  south,  of  the 
Equator. 


••^•mfrvmmgmmifmfm 


••mgrn^ 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


11 


I..atltude  and  liongltude. 

Latitude  is  distance  from  the  Equator, 
Either  north  or  south  (let  it  Ihj  less  or  greater); 
The  distance,  cast  or  west,  is  Longitude 
From  any  one  meridian,  understood. 
Hoth  Iniitude  an<l  /ongi/u(k  are  reckoned 
In  minutes  and  degras,  as  well  as  seconds ; 
Just  sixty  geographic  miles  make  a  degree ; 
In  English,  sixty  nine  and  just  a  half  you  sec. 

Places  that  are  under  the  Equator  have  no  Lati- 
tude. All  pliirt's  north  of  ihc  I-Viialor  are  in  North  Latiluile ; 
M  plaei-s  south  of  the  Equator  are  in  South  Latitude.  Thi- 
greiitcsi  Ittlituile  a  place  can  have  is  1)0  degrees.  The  North 
and  South  Poles  of  the  earth  are  th«  only  places  that  have  90 
degrees  of  latitude. 

Ixjngitude  is  reckoned  east  and  west. 

Most  nation'  reckon  their  longitude  from  the  metropolis  of 
their  country;  u.«.  the  French,  from  Paris;  the  Eiiglish.  from 
Greenwich;  the  Americans,  from  Washington.  'Though  the 
Americans  reckon  mostly  from  Greenwich,  the  same  as  llie 
English. 

Latitude  and  longitude  are  reckoned  in  degrees,  minutes,  and 
si'conds.  Sixty  geographic  miles  (or  sixty  nine  nml  a  half  Eng. 
lish  miles),  moke  a  degree;  sixty  seconds  make  a  minute; 
sixty  minutes  one  degree. 

Every  circle  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into  3G0  degrees, 
whether  it  be  larger  or  smaller. 

The  distance  round  the  Earth  being  360  degrees,  one  half  of 
that  distance  must  be  ISO  degrees ;  one  quarter,  90  degrees. 

The  greatest  distance  that  any  two  objects  on  Ihe  surface  of 
the  carlTi  can  be  apart,  is  IfcO  degrees.  To  be  this  distance,  they 
must  be  on  opposite  sides  of  the  earth ;  consequently,  no  place 
can  have  over  160  degrees  of  longitude. 

Zones. 


Zones. 

Zones  are  divisions  of  earth's  surface  ;  made 

By  iropicH  and  the  polar  circle's  aid. 

There  »ro  Jive  zones  .-  two  temperate  and  one  torrid, 

Two  frigid  zimes,  where  winter's  cold  is  horrid. 

Torrid  Zone. 

The  Torrid  Zone  is  'tween  the  tropics  spread, 
Where,  twice  a  year,  the  sun  is  overhead. 

Temperate  Zones. 

The  Temperate  Zones  arc  on  thase  parts  our  ball, 
Which  'tween  the  polar  curves  and  tropics  fall. 

Frigid  Zones. 

The  Frigid  Zones  include  both  land  sky. 
Of  ports  which  in  the  polar  circles  lie. 

The  Torrid,  or  Burning  Zone,  is  included  within 

the  Tropics. 

The  Temperate  Zones  are  between  the  Tropics 

and  Ihe  Polnrt'irelis. 

The  Frigid  Zones  include  those  parts  of  the 

earth  between  the  I'olnr  Circles  iiiiil  ihe  Poles. 

The   I'einperato  Zones  enjoy  u  mild,  teii'iperate  climate,  be- 
tween Ihe  exiremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

'■Jhe  heal  in  the  Torrid,  or  Burning  Zone,  is  escessivo  at  all 

Winter 


seasons  of  the  year. 

In  Ihe  Frigid,  or  Frozen  Zone,  the  cold  is  intense, 
holds  an  uniiiierrupled  reign  the  year  round. 

Haps. 

A  Map's  a  picture,  of  the  whole  or  part. 
Of  the  earth's  surface,  to  be  learned  by  heart. 
The  top  is  North,  while  South  points  to  your  breast ; 
The  right  hand  's  East,  the  left  hand 's  always  West. 
More  Maps  than  one,  bound  up  for  school  or  college, 
Is  railed  an  Atlaii,  and  contains  much  knowledge. 

IIow  Latitude  and  Longitude  are  ex- 
pressed on  Maps. 

Doth  Latitude  and  Longitude,  we  see. 
Upon  the  Map,  in  figures,  1 — 2 — 3  ; 
Upon  Ihe  side  the  Latitude  is  told. 
While  Longitude  wo  at  the  top  behold. 

Maps  are  pictures  of  the  whole,  or  of  parts,  of 

the  eunli's  surface.  The  top  ofilie  map  represeiitx  the  northern 
pan  of  a  coiiniry ;  the  hottora,  the  southern  ;  the  right  hand,  the 
eastern;  liie  left  hand,  the  western.  A  cjlleotion  of  maps  is 
called  an  Alia.' 

Latitude  and  Longitude  are  represented  on  Maps 

by  figures.  I.ntiiude  is  usually  vvritleii  on  Ihe  sides  of  the  map, 
while  Longitude  Is  gem  rally  at  the  top  or  Ihe  boiioni. 


Questions  are  not  inserted  in  this  work,  from  the  fact  that  it  was  deemed 
superfluous.  All  the  Teacher  has  to  do,  to  form  a  question,  is  to  read  over  any  sentence  and  prefix 
the  intcrrogatives, '  What  is  —V  or,  <  Where  are  —V  Sic,  and  it  becomes  a  question. 

He  turns  to  page  7,  for  instance,  and  glances  his  eye  upon  the  word,  Geography,  in  full-faced  let- 
ters, (over  the  poetry  that  defines  Geography,)  and  asks  the  question—'  What  is  Geography  V  Then, 
'What  is  the  Earth,'  &c.  ;  and,  to  answer  the  question,  the  Pupil  repeats  the  poetry,  and  in  his  own 
language  gives  the  sum  and  substance  of  the  prose. 

The  Teacher,  in  all  instances,  should  explain  the  licensed  poetic  phrases  to  juvenile  classes. 


NORTH     AMERICA 


North  America  is 
noted  for  the  largest 
lakes  of  fresh  water 
in  the  world,  and  as 


being  the  home  of 
the  oppressed  of  all 
nations. 


America  waa  discovered  by  Chssitopher  Culumbus,  A.  D.,  1492. 


Capes. 

Cape  FarewtU,  south  of  Qreenland,  firat  relate, 
While  WetsingJiam  is  west  of  Davb  Strait, 
Cape  Lewis  stRndg  southeast  of  Es'-qui-tnaux, 
And  North  of  Bell'-isle  Strait,  as  seamen  know, 
Nortls  of  tlic  Gulf,  and  South  of  Lab'-ra-dor, 
Cape  Whittle  hears  Law-ren'-e-an  surges  roar. 
Ciipe  Sable  west,  by  Nova  Scotia's  formed, 
Where  Fundy's  matchless  ti//e  is  backward  turned. 

Then  comes  Cape  Ann,  Cape  Cod  and  Mal-aJ)ar', 
Of  Massachusetts  all,  as  you're  aware, 
Rhode  Island  holds   Point  Ju'-dilh,  Point  Mon-tauk', 
Long  Island  claims,  and  Jersey  Sandi/  Hook, 
Cape  Hen'-ltipen  of  Delaware — Cape  May, 
Of  Jersey's  shore,  by  Delaware's  dark  Bay. 

Just  at  the  entrance  of  the  Che»-a-peake', 
Cape  Cktrleii  and  Henry  Iwth  their  sentries  keep. 
Cape  HiUteras,  then  Cape  Lookout  and  Cape  Fear, 
Of  North  Carolina,  in  the  list  appear. 

Of  Florida,  Can-ave-ral,  well  you  know,        T 
With  Florida,  Sable  and  Bo'-ma-nn,  > 

And  one  St.  Bias,  near  Ap-pa-lach'-ce's  flow,      S 

Ro-xo'  beside  Tam-pi'-co  nexi  appears;     (Ro-Tw.) 
Ca-tmuhe'  of  Yu-ca-tan'  the  sailor  nears.     (Ca-too«h.) 
East  of  Honduras  Gra'-cias  mantles  low, 
As  west  of  Uu!)a  stands  An-to'-ni-i>. 

As  the  Western  Coast  of  Mexico  wp  keep. 
First  Co^i-enls'  springs  upward  from  the  deep, 
SI.  Lucas  next,  and  St.  La-za'-ro's  seen, 
Mor-ro  Her-mo'-so  then,  and  Point  Mon-drain.f' . 
Men-do'-ei-no  o'er  forty  latitude,  (40) 
While  Oxford  C'lpe,  fir  forty  three  is  cood.     ^13) 

In  sixty-five,  and  east  of  lieh'-rini^s  pass,     (fiS'i 
Cape  Prince  of  Walcn,  hcnves  up  his  icy  mass  ; 
Just  North  of  this,  Cnpe  Listiim  you  beiiold, 
Then  Icy  Cape  and  Bar'-rouis  Point  unfold ; 
And  Bee'-cher,  De-inar-ea4ion,  Bnth'-umt,  nil 
Where  the  frozen  ocean  scours  the  arctic  wall. 


PRONITNCIATION. 


Ksquimeaux, 

Tampico, 

Catouche, 


Es-ke-mo. 

Tain-pe'-co. 

Ca-tooah. 


Mondraines,     Mon-drene. 
Henlopcn,       Hen' -lo- pen. 
Roxo,  Ri>-lu)'. 


Rivers. 

Cold  Ar.a>bas'<a  Lake,  the  Elk  divides. 
And  the  Peace  River,  to  Slave  River  guides. 
Slave  River,  to  Slave  Lake  her  tribute  pays. 
And  to  a  Northern  Strait,   McKenzie  strays. 

The  Seal  in  Hudson's  ample  Bay  is  rolled, 
With  Churdiill,  Nelson  and  the  Severn  cold. 

And  Albany  and  Moose,  in  James'  Bay, 
With  East  Maine  River  all  their  waters  lay. 

Red.  River  ends  in  Wintiipeg  her  story. 
Where  Sas-ka-shaw'-an  mantles  all  her  glory. 

RIVXftS   THAT   OONKBCT  THE   LAKES,    AC. 

St.  Mary's  from  Superior,  Huron  takes. 
In  Lake  St.  Clair,  iS^,  Clair  from  Huron  breaks. 
From  I^ke  St  Clair,  Detroi4  to  Erie  pours. 
From  whence  Niagara  to  Ontario  roan : 
From  here  St.  Lawrence  to  the  gulf  drives  in. 
With  V-ta-via*,  her  first  and  largest  stream. 

RrrBRS  ON  THE  EASTERN  COAST.   . 

St.  John's  from  Maine,  through  Brunswick  makes  her  way. 
And  with  St.  Croix,  rolls  into  Fundy's  Bay.   (St.  Croy.) 
From  Maine,  Penobscot  and  the  Ken-ne-beck, 
With  An-drot-mg'-sin  and  the  Sa'-co  break. 
The  Mer^-mack,  from  Hampshire  takes  a  coil 
Through  Massachusetts'  northern,  eastern  soil. 

Connectinit,  in  the  Eastern  States  is  found, 
With  Hou-sa-ion-ic  wakes  Long  Island  Sound. 
Moliawk  to  Hudson,  Hudson  to  the  sea, 
From  New  York  State,  join  in  the  Jubilee. 

From  Jersey's  shore,  the  Delaware  divides 
The  Delaware  and  Pennsylvanian  meads. 

By  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  formed. 
In  Ches-a-peake',  the  Sus-que-han-nah's  turned. 
Here,  Po-to-mac  drives  onward  to  the  brine, 
'Tween  Maryland  and  Virginia  the  line. 
Here  Rhap-pa-han'-nock,  York  and  James  are  thrown 
From  fair  Vir-gin-ia,  their  summer  home. 

In  Al-be-marlo',  Cfw-wan'  and  Roanoke, 
Virginia's  shores  with  Carolina  yoke. 


OS) 


being  the  home  of 
the  oppressed  of  all 
nations. 


vers. 

I,  the  Elk  divides, 
Slave  River  guides, 
ke  her  tribute  pays, 
,  MeKenzie  strays, 
ample  Bay  is  rolled, 
and  the  Severn  cold, 
le,  in  James'  Bay, 
all  their  waters  lay. 
hnipeg  her  story, 
mantles  all  her  glory. 

KXCT  THS   LAKES,    AC. 

r,  Huron  takes, 
■  from  Huron  breaks. 
tit  to  Erie  pours, 
)ntario  roan : 

I  the  gulf  drives  in, 
id  largest  stream. 

i  SABTXBK    COAST. 

Ugh  Brunswick  mokes  her  way, 
nto  Fundy'8  Bay.  (St.  Croy.) 
d  the  Ken-ne-beck, 

the  Sa'-co  break, 
mpshire  takes  a  coil 
irttiem,  eastern  soil, 
em  Btates  is  found, 

Long  Island  Sound. 
on  to  the  sea, 

II  in  the  Jubilee. 
Delaware  divides 
Ivanian  meads, 
lylvania  formed, 
]ue-ha,i-nah's  turned, 
rard  to  the  brine, 
tinia  the  line. 

York  and  Jama  are  thrown 
summer  home. 
»'  and  Roanoke, 
ilina  yoke. 


RIVERS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


13 


And  Pam-li-co  and  Netise  in  Pamlico,       > 
O'er  Pforth  Carolina,  murmur  in  their  flow. 
From  whence  Cape  Fear  to  Ocean  mutters  low. 
Little  and  Great  Pe-dee',  here  take  their  source. 
And  with  San-lee',  through  South  Carolina  course. 
Edis-lo  here,  with  Cam-ba-Aee  entwine, 
With  dark  Sa-van-nah  on  the  Georgian  line. 
0-gee-chee,  Al-ta-maJta,  Saiilla,  all 
From  Georgia  drive,  and  into  ocean  fall; 
From  whence  St.  Mwnfs  waves  to  Ocean  str«y. 
With  Jiassau  and  St,  John's  in  Florida. 

RIVERS    OF   THE    GULF   OF   MEXICO. 

From  Georgia,  Flint  and  Chat-aJwo'-chee  lower, — 
The  Chalahoochee  bounds  her  Western  shore. 
Then  to  the  Gulf,  o'er  Florida  they  stray. 
Through  Ap-pa-laeh-i-co'-la's  watery  way. 
Mo-hite  from  Alabama  comes,  whose  bed 
The  Alabama  and  Tom-big'-bee  tread. 

And  Pas-ea-gou-la  and  the  hmpid  Pearl, 
From  Mississippi  State,  their  waters  furl. 
And  Mississippi  here  unloads  her  stores. 
And  the  broad  Gulf  her  boiling  surge  devours. 

'Tween  Louisiana  and  the  'Fexan  green. 
Through  Lake  Sa-bine',  here  rolls  the  dark  SaJiine', 
From  Texas,  Ne'-ehai,  Trin-i-dad,  and  Brazos, 
With  Col-o-ra'-do  whose  loud  roar  would  craze  us. 
Here  Gau  da-loupe'  and  Nue-ces  ceaseless  flow. 
With  Rio  Grande,  northeast  of  Mexico. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

The  Mississippi,  from  I-tas'-ca  Lake 
In  I'-o-wa,*  bids  the  broad  Gulf  awake. 
Wisconsin  for  the  Eastern  Coast  survey, 
Then  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee. 
Then  Mississippi's  soil  is  next  beheld. 
With  Louisiana's  most  soutlieastem  field 
With  I'-o-wa ;  Missouri 's  on  the  west 
Where,  vrith  Arkansas,  Louisiana 's  dressed. 

EASTERN    BRANOHJiS. 

To  this  proud  tide,  from  broad  Wisconsin,  flock 
The  Chip-pe-wa,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Rock, 
Through  Illinois,  Rock  river  rolis  her  tide. 
Where  Illinois  and  fair  Kas-kaa'-kia  gUde. 
Ohio,  here,  from  Pennsylvanio  comes ; 
South  of  Ohio  state  her  billow  huna. 
Then  Indiana  state,  and  Illinois,  (illinoy) 
Beside  its  pathway  all  their  arts  umploy. 
The  same  dark  breaker  sweeps  Virginian  earth. 
And  bounds  Kentucky  state  upoi  the  north. 
In  Western  Tennessee,  the  0-bi-on  keeps. 
And  Hatch-ie  on  to  Mississippi  sweeps ; 
In  Mississippi  state,  behold  Ya-zoo', 
In  zigzag  path,  with  Big  Black  river,  too 

WESTERN    BRANCHES. 

From  I'-o-wa,  the  Willows,  and  the  Pine, 
Crow  Wing,  and  Swan,  and  Elk,  and  Sack,  combine ; 
Then,  casting  up  their  bubbles  by  the  billion. 
Crow  river  comes,  St.  Peters,  and  Vermillion. 
White  Water,  Root,  and  Upper  Iowa, 
With  Turkey  river,  sing  their  roundelay. 

•  Somelimei,  though  erroneoudy,  (ironunced  I-o'-wa. 


Red  Cedar  then,  with  Iowa  made  fiurt ; 

Skunk  river  next,  with  dark  Des  Moines  the  last 

MISSOURI. 

Far  from  Missouri  Territory  driven. 
Where  the  Kooky  Mountains  rear  their  tieada  to  heaven, 
Leaving  fair  Iowa  upon  the  east, 
Missouri  rolls  to  Mississippi's  breast. 

And  Mar-atnee  springs  from  the  Iron  Mountain, 
And  runs  northeast,  to  Mississippi's  fountain. 
Arkansas  state  lays  claim  to  young  St.  Francis, 
Where,  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  foams  Ar-kansas.* 
The  branches  of  the  last  are.  White  and  Jean  ; 
Both  in  Arkansas,  on  the  map  are  seen. 
And,  to  Arkansas,  with  the  tide  Neo-sho, 
From  Indian  fields,  Canadian  murmurs  low. 
O'er  Texas,  north,  southwest  tlie  Arkansan  banner. 
Red  river,  comes ;  then  pours  through  Louisiana. 

BRANCHES   OF    THE    OHIO. 

'Tween  Illinois  and  Indiana,  tread 
The  Wa-baah  billows,  to  Ohio's  bed. 
While  river,  with  her  East  and  Western  tidt^ 
From  Indiana,  to  the  Wabash  glides. 
Ohio  state  hears,  with  Mi-a-mi's  roar, 
Scioto,  Hocking,  and  Musk-ing-urn — four. 
Then  Beaver  river,  bom  in  Pennsylvania, 
Last  northern  branch,  save  one,  called  Al-le-gha-ny. 

Ohio  drinks  Mo-non-ga-he-la  in. 
That  sweeps  Virginia  and  the  land  of  Pcnn 
Little  Kan-ha-way,  then,  is  on  the  route, 
With  Gieiit  Kanhuivay  and  the  Guy-an-dottl. 
Big  Sandy,  on  Virginia's  western  border ; 
And  Licking  river,  of  Kentuckian  order. 
Then  comes  Kentucky  river,  Salt,  and  Green— 
Upon  the  last,  the  Mammoth  Cave  is  seen. 
Where  Tcniiessoe,  and  state  Kentucky,  slumbers. 
The  Cum-ber-lnnd  warbles  her  watery  numbers. 
In  the  same  states,  and  Alabama,  too. 
The  Tetincst.ee  unfolds  unto  the  view. 

BRANCHES    OF    THE    MISSOURI. 

Among  Missouri's  branches,  on  the  north. 
Are  Thompson's,  Williams',  Porcupitu,  Wliite  Earth, 
From  Iowa,  the  Shepherd  rolls  her  tides, 
With  Fish,  and  James,  and  Sioux,  and  river  Floydt, 
With  Nod-a-way,  from  state  Missouri,  run 
The  Platte,  and  Grande,  with  river  Char-a-ton. 
I'be  Jefferson  a  northern  course  is  thrown, 
To  JMn  die  Madison  and  Yellowstone. 
The  Yellowstone  collects,  in  her  own  sea, 
Oktrk  Fork,  Big  Horn,  and  Tongue— ot  branche*  three. 
Little  Missouri  next,  then  Cannon  Ball, 
Chay-ennr,  and  Platte,  all  flt>m  Missouri  fall. 
La-pkUte  is  on  her  territorial  bound. 
North  of  the  Indian  claims  and  hunting  ground. 
With  branches  four — Big  Horn,  Loup  Fork,  and  Black, 
With  one  Pa-dou-eu,  on  the  Indian  tract 
And  eastward,  from  the  Indian  Province,  wide 
The  river  Kanzas  rolls  her  three-forked  tide. 

*  Somelimei  pronounoed  Ar-kan-saw'. 


14 


POETICAL      GEOGRAPHY. 


The  northern  fork,  Republican,  behold ; 
Then  Snl-y-man's,  and  Smoky  Hill,  unfold. 
La^mine  and  fair  Osage,  pour  forth  their  waters, 
With  Gasconadd,  Missouri's  warbling  daughters. 

RXVER8    OF    MICHIGAN. 

From  Michigan,  the  Raisin  runs  to  Erie, 
And  Huron,  there,  her  sparkling  waters  cany. 
In  St.  Clair  river,  Gratiot  ends  her  lay. 
And  Sa^-i-naw  is  lost  in  her  own  bay  ; 
With  branches  Casn,  and  Flint,  and  Shi-a-wiu-ue, 
Which  roar,  at  last  with  Huron's  billows,  mas^. 
And  'nt-ii-ba-vja»-see,  with  her  Chippewa, 
That  drinks  the  Pine,  is  lost  in  Sag-^-naw. 
Au-ta-bl'  eastward  runs,  with  Thunder  Bay, 
Where  Huron's  bilk>WB  greet  them  on  the  way. 
Che-boy-gan,  northward,  leaves  tlie  noisy  clan, 
While  Betsey,  westward,  seeks  lake  Michigan ; 
There,  Mitvdiftee,  and  Not-i-pe-ka-go,  run. 
With  river  White,  and  flaming  Mua-ke-gon. 
Grand  river,  then,  and  the  dark  Kal-ma-zoo, 
With  one  St,  Josephs,  break  their  pathway  through. 

BIVEB8    OF    NORTHERN    NEW    YORK. 
The  Sa-ra-nac  is  lost  in  lake  Uhamplain, 
East  of  the  state,  where  PlatUburgh  holds  her  reign ; 


St.  Reg-is,  Racket,  and  the  river  Grass,  , 

With  Os-we-gatch-ie,  to  St.  Lawrence  paw. 
Black  river,  then,  Osxcego,  Genessee, 
Ontario  drowns  in  her  loud  minstrelsy. 

RIVERS    OF   OREGON    AND    CALIFORNIA. 

In  Oregon,  Columbia  makes  her  pillow, 
And  westward,  to  PaciGc,  drives  her  billow. 
From  California,  Sacramento 's  roll'd ; 
Southward  her  course,  through  regions  rich  with  gold. 
And  Co/wm/o  joins  with  G,la  river,- 
In  Califuniia  Gulf,  their  waves  roll  ever. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


Chippewa,  - 
Mobili",  -  - 
Sabine,  -  - 
Itasca,  -  - 
Hatchie,  - 
Des  Moines, 
S*t.  Croix,  - 
Gila,    -    - 


Chippcwau'. 
Muoecl'. 
Sabeen' 
l-las'-cu. 
Hach'-ee. 
l)e  Main. 
St.  Croy. 
Ge-la,  or 
Hee-la. 


Multnomah, 
Siou\,  -  - 
(^hiiyeuiic,  ■ 
Laplatte,  - 
Lamine, 
Saline,  -  - 
Hiiiqui,  - 


Mult-no'-ma. 
Soo. 
Sha-en'. 
La-pUUe'. 
La-meen'. 
'  Sa-leen. 
He-a-kee'. 


Sascashawan,  Sus-ca-shaw'- 
an. 


COUNTRIES    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 

THE  RUSSIAN   POSSESSIONS 
Are  noted  for  their  furs,  and  as  a  cold,  dreary  climate,  inhabited  only  by  savages 
and  hunters.     The  population  is  about  50,000. 

The  coaet,  in  some  parts,  rises  into  snow  capped  summits. 


GREENLAND, 


The  coldest,  most 
dreary,  and  desolate 
country  in  the  world. 
Inhabited  by  a  filthy, 
degraded  race  of  In- 
dianb,  called  Esqui- 
maux. 

Captain  Robs,  on 
the  northern  shores, 
found  a  race  of  ig- 


norant natives,  who 
imagined  his  ships  to 
be  huge  birds.  On 
the  cliffs,  he  found 
red  snow. 

The  settlements 
are  Lichtenau,  Lich- 
tenfds  and  New 
Hernct 


Esquimaux  speanjig  Heul. 


BRITISH    AMERICA 

Includes  New  Britain,  Canada  East,  and  Canada  West,  New  Drunswick,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  Newfoundland.  ^      ■  ^    ,-  j 

New  Britain  is  noted  for  its  cold  climate,  for  its  savages  or  Esquimaux  Indmns,  and 
for  its  being  the  ground  or  theater  for  the  operations  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company. 


'ver  Grass, 

• 

Lawrence  pam 

'eTKSMf, 

ingtrclsy. 

AND    CALIFOBMIA. 

es  her  pillow, 

ves  her  billow. 

'sroUM: 

h  regions  rich 

with  gold. 

a  river  ,■ 

\es  roll  ever. 

OIATION. 

Multnomah, 

Mah-no'-ma. 

Sioux,    -     - 

Sua, 

(^hiiyeniie,   - 

Sha-cn'. 

Laplatte,     - 

La-pUttt'. 

Lainino, 

La-meen'. 

Saline,   -     - 

'  S(i-leen, 

Hiitqui,  -     - 

He-a-kee'. 

Sascashawan 

Sus-cashavu- 

an. 

ICA. 


nted  only  by  savages 


norant  natives,  who 
imagined  his  ships  to 
be  huge  birds.  On 
the  cliffs,  he  found 
red  snow. 

The  settlements 
are  Lichfenau,  Lich- 
tenfcls  and  New 
Hcrnct 


lew  Brunswick,  Nova 

iqiiimaux  Indians,  and 
ludson  Bay  Company. 


BRITISH    AMERICA, 


15 


The  natives  live  mostly  on  seal.  In  traveling,  they  are  drawn  by  a  very  fine  kind 
of  dog,  which  is  harnessed  to  their  sleds. 

The  British  have  trading  stations  at  the  mouths  of  most  of  the  rivers,  where  the 
Indians  come  to  exchange  their  furs  for  blankets,  guns,  beads,  &c. 

COUNTRIES    AND    TOWNS. 


Canada  West. 

Kingston  is  found  N.  E.  Ontario's  roar, 
While  west  the  lake  is  Hamilton  in  Gore  ; 
Toronto  to  the  N.  W.  finds  a  Home, 
As  north  the  lake.  Port  Hope  and  Coburg  come. 

Canada  East. 

In  the  lower  Province,  Montreal  lives  ever, 
Upon  an  island  in  St.  Lawrence  River ; 

And  down  the  stream,  one  hundred  eighty  miles, 
Quebec  to  heaven  heaves  up  her  giant  piles  ; 
A  fortress  strong,  on  a  liigh  promontory. 
And  famed  in  song,  in  history,  and  story. 

\ew  Brunswick. 

St.  Johns,  and  Frederickton,  New  Brunswick  keeps, 
Where  the  St.  Johns  along  her  pathway  sweeps  ; 
West  of  St.  Johns,  and  east  the  young  St.  Croix, 
St.  Andrews  lives,  by  commerce  her  employ. 

iVova  Scotia. 

Yarmouth,  on  Nova  Scotia's  western  border, 
Where  Fundy's  tide  rolls  up  in  wild  disorder. 

And  Halifax,  near  the  peninsula's  center. 
Known  for  her  port,  where  the  largest  crafts  may  enter ; 
With  vessels  of  all  kinds,  this  place  is  full, 
But  chiefly  with  t.ie  war  ships  of  John  Bull. 

The  northern  shores,  which  Pictou  has  a  seat  on, 
With  Sidney,  on  the  island  of  Cape  Breton, 
Are  noted  for  their  coiil  tlie  world  all  over. 
Which  mineral  freights  full  many  an  ocean  rover. 


Canada  West 

Noted  as  being  the  most  productive,  and 
best  oeUled  of  the  British  Posaeasions  in  N.  A. ; 
also  fur  tlie  intelligence  of  its  inhabitants,  who  are 
mostly  of  an  English  origin. 

Tho  soil  is  a  fine  dark  loam,  mixed  with  a 
vegetable  mould,  and  is  unsurpassed  for  its 
productiveness. 

Canada  East. 

The  cultivated  portions  lie  in  the  valley 
of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

It  has  the  climate  of  Sweden,  though  the  lati- 
tude of  France. 

Tho  French  language  is  chiefly  spoken. 


New  Brunswick. 

Noted  for  its  immense  quantity  of  lum- 
ber ;  mostly  pine. 
rrcderic-kion  on  the  St.  John*  River,  is  the  capital. 
Si.  Johns  is  tliu  largest  town. 
St.  Andrews  is  the  second  in  population. 


Nova  Scotia. 

A  peninsula  south  of  New  Brunswick, 
having  a  rugged  stony  coast.  Noted  for  coal  and 
gypsum.     Climate  mild ;  subject  to  fogs. 


NEWF0UNDI..4ND. — A  barren,  hilly  island 
in  the  Uulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  abounding  with  good 
harbors,  and  noted  for  the  greatest  codfisheries  in 
the  world. 


Ill 

i 


UNITED    STATES. 


Noted  as  being  the  largest,  most  enlightened  and  powerful  republic  on  the  globe. 
Bounded  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  west.     Having  an 
area  of  more  than  2,000,000  square  miles. 


I. -EASTERN    STATES. 


Maine. 

In  Maine,  Augusta,  on  the  Ken-ne-beck, 
Just  60  miles,  if  right  I  recollect ; 
There  Hallowell.  hv  granite  we  '11  remember, 
And  Bath,  for  building  ships  of  white  oak  timber. 

Ban-gor'  in  lumber  trades  ;  as  boards  and  plank. 
And  takes  her  place  upon  Pe-nob-scot's  bank, 
0-ro-no,  Frankfort,  Bucksport,  and  Castine  (teen). 
On  the  same  banks,  by  the  same  glowing  stream. 

Portland  by  Casco  Bay,  chief  town  in  Maine, 
In  fisheries  and  commerce  holds  her  reign. 

nrew  HampRlilre. 

Portsmouth  her  harbor  boasts,  and  ."flts  supine, 
Where  meets  Pi-scat-a-qua  the  rolling  brine. 
Up  the  same  tide  is  found  Great  Falls  and  Dover ; 
As  on  Connecticut  is  fair  Hanover. 

And  Concord  on  the  Mer-ri -mack  may  rest  her, 
As  further  south  is  Nash'-ua  and  Man-ches-ter. 

~     (16) 


BAaine. 


Noted  for  its  vast  forests  of  lumber,  for 
ship  building,  and  for  being  the  most  northeastetu 
Btate  in  the  unioa 

It  was  a  part  of  Massachusetts  till  1820,  when 
it  became  a  separate  state. 

The  climate  is  cold  and  healthy. 

The  coast  is  rugged,  and  the  harbors  numerous. 

A  large  part  is  still  covered  with  forests. 

It  is  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  agriculture. 

AuouSTA  is  noted  as  the  capitnt 

Mallowell  ("or  granite  quarries. 

Bath  for  ship  IjiiiWing.  .       ^  • 

Portland  for  oommerce  and  fi»henet,  and  ai  being 
the  largest  town  in  Maine. 


New  Hampshire. 

Called  the  Granite  State.    Noted  for 
the  White  Mountains. 

The  surface  is  level  on  the  coast. 

It  abounds  in  rivers,  lakes  and  mountains. 

The  soil  is  better  fitted  for  grazing  than  tillage. 

The  climate  is  cold  and  healthy. 

Co?icoBU  ii  rtoted  as  the  capital. 


republic  on  the  globe, 
he  west.     Having  an 


Maine. 

irast  forests  of  lumber,  for 
for  being  the  most  noitheasteru 

MasBachusette  till  1820,  when 

te  state. 

old  and  healthy. 

ged,  and  the  harbors  numerous. 

■till  covered  with  forests. 

ted  lo  grazing  than  agriculture. 

as  lh«  capitHl, 

iiite  quarries. 

ding. 

nerce  and  fisheriei,  and  as  being 

Main*. 


7  Hampshire. 

jranite  State.    Noted  for 
tins. 

level  on  the  coast, 
vers,  lakes  and  mountains. 
;r  fitted  for  grazing  than  tillage, 
cold  and  healtliy. 
as  llic  capital. 


EASTERN    STATES. 


17 


Termont. 

Montpelier,  near  the  center  of  the  state, 

On  Onion  River,  rules  o'er  small  and  great. 
Windsor  upon  Connecticut  may  reign, 
As  Burlington  is  found  on  Lcike  Champlain, 
And  Otter  Creek  has  fair  Vergennes'  upon  her, 

Known  for  the  fleet  of  Commodore  McDonough  ; 
And  Mid-dle-bu-ry  on  this  tide  may  tarry. 

Known  for  her  college  and  her  marble  qttarry. 
And  Bennington,  southwest  of  all,  may  work. 

Famed  for  the  victory  of  General  Stark. 

M  assacliusetts. 

Boston  and  Charlestown  both  together  lay,        ^ . 
With  Cambridge,  bci-n  by  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Lynn,  famed  fo?.  shoes,  for  codSsh  Marblehead, 
Salem  for  wealth,  gained  in  the  India  trade. 

Gloucester  for  mackerel  and  cot^fishing  botli, 
And  Newburyport,  for  commerce  farthest  north. 

L&well  on  Merrimack,  a  far  famed  weaver. 
For  which  is  known  both  Taunton  and  Fall  River. 

As  Springfield,  for  her  armory,  we  hail. 

New  Bedford  and  Nantucket  fish  for  whale. 

Plymouth,  known  for  the  Pilgrim  Fathers'  landing. 
By  Cape  Cod  Bay,  in  Massachusetts  standing. 

And  Worcester,  that 's  near  the  Bay  State's  center, 
As  a  great  thoroughfare,  we  next  will  enft-r. 

Connecticut. 

And  Hartford,  Middletown,  and  Say'-brook  bide, 
Fast  by  Connectiatt's  unfailing  tide. 

New  London,  Bridgeport,  Fairfield  and  N'ew  Haven, 
With  Norwalk  by  Lovig  Island  Sound  are  graven. 

And  Stonington,  southeast  of  all,  we  liail, 
That  with  New  London,  fish  for  seal  and  whale. 

Rbode  Isiland. 

Among  her  factories,  Providence  makes  her  stay, 
On  her  own  stream,  by  Nar-ra-gan-sett  Bay  : 

And  Newport,  on  Rhode  Island  finds  resort. 
Well  fortified  and  noted  for  her  port. 
From  Providence  north,  Pautucket  finds  a  seat, 
As  north  of  Newport,  Bristol  next  we  greet. 


Vermont 

Noted  for  the  Green  Mountains,  and  for 
the  enterprise  of  its  harly  inhabitants. 

A  large  portion  of  it  is  still  covered  with  timber. 

The  valleys  are  well  adapted  to  tillage  and  the 
hills  t<)  grazing. 

The  mannfiicUires  are  not  extensive. 

I'he  climate  is  cold  and  the  winters  aeveie. 

MoNTI'SLiKR  is  nnled  as  the  copiial. 

Vergennen,  as  being  the  plac»  where  McDonongh 
titled  out  his  fleet  for  the  celebrated  battle  on  Lake 
Chaoiplain. 

Middlebury,  for  its  college  and  fine  marble  quarries. 


Massacbusetts. 

Called  the  Bay  Stat«.  Noted  for  it3 
wealth,  and  the  active  part  it  took  in  the  great 
struggle  for  the  liberty  and  independence  of  our 
country. 

The  eastern  part  is  uneven,  and  the  western 
mountainous.  Mount  Toq,  Mount  Ilolyoke, 
Saddle  Mount  and  Wachusett,  are  celebrated 
peaks. 

BosTun  is  noted  as  the  capital,  and  as  the  largest 
town  in  New  Knglnnd. 

Charleslown  lor  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument. 

Cambridge  for  its  university. 

Lynn  for  the  manufacture  of  shoes. 

IViarblehead  for  its  cod-fisheries. 

Salem  for  its  wealth,  obtained  in  the  India  trade. 

Gloucester  for  cod  and  mackerel-fisheries. 

Newburyport,  the  most  northeru  town  in  the  Stats, 
for  commerce. 

Lowell,  as  the  first  town  in  maiiafaoturing  in  the 
United  Plates. 

New  Bedford  and  Nantucket  for  whale  fisheries. 

riymouth  for  the  landing  of  Pilgrim  Fathers,  16Z0. 


Cooneotiont 

Noted  for  the  ingenious  character  of  its 
inhabitants,  and  for  its  schools. 

The  common  school  fund,  in  this  state,  is  over 
two  millions  of  dollars. 

It  has  been  distinguished  for  its  men  of  gtnins 
and  learning. 

llABTFORD  and  NxwHave!!  are  the  capital*. 


Rhode  Island. 

Noted  as  the  smallest  state  in  the  union. 

It  consists  mostly  of  the  shores  and  islands  of 
Narragansett  Bay,  that  gives  it  great  advantages 
for  navigation. 

PBOTiuK.tcE  is  noted  as  tlie  capital,  likewise  for  its 
manufactures,  as  well  as  being  the  seat  of  Browa 
University. 

Newport,  as  a  naval  station,  for  its  fortifications 
Slid  its  excellent  harbor. 


■  iL 


18 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 


I 


II. -MIDDLE    STATES. 

IVew  York. 

In  New  York  State,  -where  Hudson  meets  the  brine, 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  in  their  trade  combine. 
On  the  same  tide,  West  Point  and  Newburg  stay  : 
Poughkeepsie,  Hudson,  Troy,  and  Albany. 
Schenectady,  with  Utica  and  Rome, 
Upon  the  Srie  Channel  find  a  home. 
Here  Syracuse  and  Rochester,  we  see — 
The  last  is  on  the  River  Genessce. 
Then  Brockport  comes,  with  Lockport  in  the  score  ; 
As  Buffalo  is  found  on  Erie's  shore. 

From  Buffalo  east,  takes  Attica  her  fare  ; . 
In  Gfenessee,  Batavia  has  a  share. 
Then  Canandaigua  in  Ontario  view  ; 
As  stands  Geneva  east,  with  Waterloo. 
Auburn  is  seated  by  Owasco  tide . 
South  of  Cayuga,  Ithaca  is  spied. 
Oxford  and  Norwich  in  Chenango  trace  ; 
In  Courtland  County,  Courtland  has  a  place. 
Bath  in  Steuben,  Elmira  in  Chemung  ; 
Owego  next,  then  Binghampton  in  Broome. 

Near  Saratoga,  Ballston  makes  her  quarters, 
And  both  are  noted  for  their  mineral  waters. 
Salem  in  Washington,  with  Sandy  Hill ; 
Whitehall  is  where  Champlain's  dark  waves  distil. 
Ticonderoga  lives  by  Lake  Champlain,  [reign. 

Where  stands  Crown  Point,  and  Plattsburg  holds  her 

Oswego  sits  beside  Ontario's  border  ; 
While  on  the  eastern  coast  is  Sackett's  Harbor. 
A  place  to  Watertown,  Black  River  warrants  ; 
As  Ogdensburgh  is  found  upon  St.  Lawrence. 

New  Jersey. 

Trenton,  that  takes  from  Jersey's  shore  her  fare, 
Is  on  the  eastern  side  of  Delaware. 
Then  Bordentown,  from  Trenton  south  is  seen, 
With  Burlington  and  Camden  down  the  stream. 
Freehold  in  Monmouth,  known  for  Monmouth  battle. 
Princeton  N.  E.  from  Trenton,  deigns  to  settle. 

Where  River  Raritan  pours  forth  her  waters, 
New  Brunswick  stands,  and  Amboy  makes  her  quarters. 


New  York.. 

Oalleil  the  Empire  State.  Noted  for  its 
canals,  rnilronda,  extensive  cummerce,  and  its 
great  political  influence. 

Ita  population  is  greater  than  any  other  state  in 
the  union. 

The  route  from  New  York  to  DuiTalo,  is  one 
of  the  gi;eatest  thoroughfares  in  the  world. 

The  scenery  on  the  Hudson  is  of  a  sublime 
and  imposing  character. 

The  ste!jmboat«  on  this  river  are  celebrated  for 
speed  and  grandeur. 

Alrant.  on  the  Hudson.  i«  noled  as  the  capiial. 

New  York,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  an  being 
the  InrgeM,  most  commercial,  and  iniportani  town  in 
America. 

West  Voint  for  its  military  academy. 

Sing  S»ing  ami  Auburn  for  State  prisons. 

Utica  for  the  Stnte  Lunatic  Asylum. 

Schcneetady  for  Union  College. 

Syracuse  for  its  salt  works, 

Rochester  fur  its  flouring  mills. 

Lockport  for  its  costly  and  exjwnsive  canal  locks. 

Buffalo  nsone  of  the  most  commercial  towns  in  the 
iliHted  Stales  on  the  lines  of  two  'he  greatest  thorough- 
fares in  America— the  Erie  Canal,  and  Niagara  and 
Iiukc  Ontario  routes. 

Ballston  nnd  Saratoga  for  mineral  waters. 

Oswego  as  the  principal  port  oji  Lake  Ontario. 

Sacketis  Harbor  for  h  battle  fought  during  the  last 
war  with  Ureal  Britain. 

Watertown  for  its  neatness  and  manufactures. 

Ogdensburgh  as  lying  adjacent  to  Canada  Kasl. 


The  city  of  New  York  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant towns  in  the  world.  It  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Hudson,  on  an  island  about  fifteen 
miles  in  length. 

It  is  visitetl  by  vessels  from  all  parts  of  the 
world.  Mail  steamers  are  daily  arriving  fmra,  or 
departing  for  foreign  ports. 

Broadway  is  one  of  the  finest  streets  in  the 
world  and  the  Park  Fountain  one  of  the  city's 
greatest  ornaments.  Among  the  public  buildings 
we  may  mention  Trinity  Church,  a  gothic  struct- 
ure,  having  a  spire  nr  steeple,  283  feet  high. 


New  Jersey. 

Noted  for  manufactures,  canals,  railroads 
and  its  revolutionsry  incidents. 

The  gfjuthern  part  is  barren  and  thinly  settled ; 
the  northern  part,  rough  and  mountainous ;  the 
middle  part  is  extremely  fertile. 

Apples  and  peaches  are  raised  in  great  abund- 
ance in  the  southern  part. 

The  Philadeljrfua  and  New  York  markets  ate 
supplied  vrith  their  beat  fiiiits  from  this  State. 

Trkstox,  on  the  Delaware,  is  noted  as  the  capital. 

Freehold  is  noled  for  the  Bnitle  of  Monmouth,  fought 
lT7a.  between  the  British  under  Ixird  Cornwallis,  and 
the  Continental  army  under  Gen.  Washington. 


7  York.. 

re  State.    Noted  for  its 

ensive   cumtnerce,  and   ita 

c. 

!aler  than  any  other  state  in 

cw  York  to  BuiTalo,  U  one 

ghfdres  in  the  world. 

0  Hudson  is  of  a  sublime 

3r. 

tliis  river  are  celebrated  for 


on.  is  iiolcd  as  the  capital. 
:iouth  of  Ihi:  Hudson,  as  being 
ercial.  and  iroportani  town  in 

litary  acaderay. 

n  for  State  prisons. 

mntic  Asylum. 

)n  College. 

works. 

ring  mills. 

y  and  exiwnsive  cnnal  locks. 

most  commerciBl  towns  in  the 

es  of  two  <he  greatest  tliorough- 

Erie  Canal,  and  Niagara  and 

a  for  mineral  waters. 

pal  port  on  Lake  Ontario. 

n  linttle  fought  during  the  last 

I. 

!atnei»  and  manufactures. 

g  adjacent  to  Canada  Kasl. 


York  is  one  of  ^e  most  im- 
world.  It  is  situated  at  the 
n,  on  an  island  about  fifteen 

vessels  from  all  parts  of  the 
rs  are  daily  arrivmg  tirura,  or 
ports. 

of  the  finest  streets  in  the 
Fountain  one  of  the  city's 
Among  the  public  buildings 
inity  Church,  a  gothic  struct- 
r  steeple,  283  ^t  high. 


iv^  Jersey. 

facturCB,  canals,  railroads 
'  incidents. 

:  is  barren  and  thinly  settled ; 
ugh  and  mountainous;  the 
nely  fertile. 

es  are  raised  in  great  abund- 
part. 

and  New  York  markets  are 
lest  fruits  from  this  State, 
laware,  is  noted  as  the  capital. 
r  the  Battle  of  Monmouth,  fought 
ish  under  1/ord  Cornv/allis,  and 
under  Gen.  Washington. 


ipii. 


^^frmrmmnmm^ir^mm* 


MIDDLE    STATES. 


19 


From  Amboy  north,  Elizabethtown  we  view ; 
In  Morri.s,  Troy  and  Morristown  arc  two. 
Upon  Pa.s.saic's  banks,  Newark  has  grown  ; 
As  farther  up  the  stream  is  Patterson. 


Pennsylvania. 


Pennsylvania  was  settled  by  a  body  nf  Quaker*,  in  Iflfll.  mulcr  the 
guidance  of  Wm.  Penn,  who  is  distinguished  for  his  upright  dcniines 
with  the  Indians, 

Where  Schuylkill  and  the  Delaware  convene, 
Is  Philadelphia,  oldest  child  of  Penn. 
And  Harrisburg,  the  state  metropolis, 
On  Susquehannah  River,  none  can  miss, 
'Bove  Harrisburg,  Northumberland  may  tarry : 
As  in  Luzerne  is  one,  called  Wilkesbarre. 

Mauch  Chunk  in  Carbon,  where  the  Lehigh  pours  ; 
Honesdale  in  Wayne,  where  Lackawaxen  roars. 
Milford,  in  Pike,  and  Stroudsburg  in  Monroe, 
Easton  where  Delaware  and  Lehigh  flow. 
Bristol  in  Bucks,  'bove  Philadelphia's  landing ; 
Chester  below,  in  Delaware  is  standing. 

On  Schuylkill  banks,  is  one  called  Norri.stown ; 
There  Reading  keeps  ;   there  Pottsville  sits  her  down. 
From  Reading  west,  is  Lebanon  the  while  ; 
York  lives  in  York  ;  in  Cumberland  Carlisle. 
From  Cumberland,  is  Chambersburg  southwest ; 
As  south  in  Adams,  Gettysburg  may  rest. 

Where  Alleghany  joins  Monongahcla, 
Pittsburg  is  found,  though  smoke  and  coal  conceal  her ; 


Trenton  and  Princeton  are  likewise  celebrated  for 
battles  fouRht  during  the  Hevolutiou,  in  all  of  which 
VVuHhington  commanded  in  person. 

Newark,  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  shoes  and 
carriages. 

Patterson,  n()le<l  for  its  cotton  manufacturing. 


Pennsylvania. 

Noted  for  coal  mines  and  iron  manufac- 
tures ;  and  as  lieing  the  center  of  the  Alleghany 
.Mountains. 

The  mountains  extend  through  the  middle  of 
the  state,  leaving  the  northeu.-itern  and  south- 
western portions  level,  or  titiduluting. 

It  is  the  (irst  ninnufucttiring  state  in  the  union, 
and  is  the  richest  in  minerals. 

The  iron  mines  of  lhi.s  state  are  great  sources 
of  wealth,  and  chiefly  supply  the  manufacturitig 
cstiihlishnicnts. 

'I'he  coil  beds  arc  inexhaustible,  yielding  over 
two  millions  of  tons  annually ;  and  in  real  import- 
uiice  and  worth,  arc  more  valuable  than  the  gold 
mines  of  Mexico,  or  California.  On  the  eastern 
side  of  the  mountains  is  found  the  anthracite,  or 
liiird  coal ;  on  the  west  bituminous,  or  soft  coal. 
Hittsbtirg  is  near  the  center  of  the  bituminous 
coal  region. 

Wheat  is  the  principal  product  of  the  soil, 
though  corn  and  other  grains  are  raised  in  great 
abundance, 

lu  population  is  second  to  none  but  New  York. 

Several  battles  were  fought  in  this  state  during 
the  revolutionary  struggle.  Valley  Forge,  twenty 
miles  northwest  of  Philadelphia,  is  known  as  the 
place  where  Gen.  Washington  made  his  winter 
quarters,  during  the  darkest  hours  of  the  contest. 

Harbisbvbo,  on  the  Susquehannah,  is  the  capital. 

Pliiladdphii  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  town  in 
the  stale,  and  second  in  liie  ITniled  States,  it  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  humane  and  literarv  institutions; 
among  which  are  Girard  College,  for  orphans,  the 
School  for  the  blind,  and  one  for  deaf  and  dumb  par- 
sons. Fairmount  Water  Works,  which  supply  a 
great  portion  of  the  city  with  pure  water  from  the 
Schuylkill  river,  hold  a  prominent  place  among  the 
pleasure  grounds,  which  are  numerous. 

Pittsburg,  the  second  town  in  the  state,  in  popula- 
tion, is  distinguished  for  coal  mines  in  its  vioinity, 
and  for  the  manufacture  of  iron,  glass,  white  lead  and 
heavy  marhinery. 

Pottsville,  Mauch  Chunk  and  Honesdale,  are  noted 
for  iheir  conl  mines. 

Reading  is  a  large  and  lieautiful  town,  situated  abODt 
finy  miles  from  Philadelphia,  on  the  Schuylkill  river. 
It  is  distinguished  for  its  extensive  iron  works. 

Easton  is  noted  for  its  flour  mills. 

Wilkesbarre  for  the  massacre  of  the  inhabitants  in 
the  Wyoming  valley,  daring  the  Revolation. 


The  works  of  internal  improvement  in  this 
state  have  greatly  facilitated  the  intercourse  with 
the  eastern  and  western  portions  of  the  union. 

Since  1844  the  system  of  common  school 
education  has  received  its  due  attention. 


msmmmmmmm 


mmm 


mmm '-i.-ji 


nn» 


■*»<r' 


20 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 


Here  Birmingham,  and  one  called  Alleghany, 
Their  stations  take  in  Western  Pennsylvania. 
Erie  is  where  Lake  Erie's  waves  roll  over  ; 
As  Beaver  lies  upon  the  Ohio  River. 

Delaware. 

On  Jersey's  Creek,  in  Delaware,  is  Dover, 
While  Brandyvrim,  fair  Wilmington  lives  over. 

And  Delaware  City,  with  Newcastle  fair. 
On  the  west  bank  of  River  Delaware. 


Delaware. 

Noted  as  having  the  smallest  population 
of  any  »tato  in  the  union,  and  the  Bniallfst  t«rri- 
tory  excepling  Rho<le  Island. 

In  the  nortliem  purt  llio  w>il  i«  fcrtilo ;  in  the 
Douthern  unproductive. 

On  the  Urandywine  there  are  extensive  csUb- 
lishmcnts  for  the  manntiiclurc  of  paper,  gun- 
powfder,  cotton  and  woolen  gwds. 

IXivKR  is  the  capital. 

Wilmiii(fion  \i  iiotml  a»  the  larRi-'l  tovrn  in  Ihe  male, 
an  v»ell  na  lor  in  great  v»«ter  power ;  which  is  uacrt 
in  propelling  Hour,  par^r,  powJer  null  collon  mills 


I II. -SOUTHERN    STATES. 


Maryland. 

Of  Maryland's  towns,  the  first  is  Baltimore 
Near  Chesapeake,  upon  Pa-top-sro' a  shore. 

And  west  from  Baltimore,  miles  forty-two, 
Has  Fredericktown  Mo-noc'-a-cy,  in  view. 

On  Severn's  bank,  two  miles  from  Che.s-a-peake, 
An-nap'-o-Hs  rules  the  powerful  and  the  weak. 

A  German  settlement  is  Ha'-gcrstown, 
West  of  the  Blue  Ridge  is  her  station  known. 

And  Germantown  of  Potomac  may  share, 
'T  is  west  of  all  I've  named,  a  thoroughfare. 

And  Washington,  three  hundred  miles  from  sen, 
On  the  east  bank  of  Potomac  doth  lay. 

Georgetown  from  Washington,  Bock  Creek  divides  ; 
West  of  Potomac  Alexandria  hides. 

▼IrglBla. 


The  itaple  production  of  Viigiiila,  eaat  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  is  Ttiiucco. 

One  hundred  fifty,  from  the  mouth  of  James, 
In  old  Virginia,  Richmond  makes  her  claims. 


Maryland* 

Noted  for  mild  climate,  favorable  situa- 
tion for  corainerce,  and  aa  having  been  Hettled  by 
Rou«..n  Catholica. 

It  ia  aeparated  from  Virginia  by  the  Potomac, 
and  divided  into  two  porta  by  the  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Theao  waters  are  navigable  to  the  extreme 
boundaries  of  the  state. 

The  soil  is  rich  and  protluccs  an  excellent 
quality  of  wheaL 

Ann.\j"i>i.i8  is  ihe  capital. 

Baltimore  in  iiolfd  a»  lit'i'iR  III"  largest  town  in  inn 
8tate,  and  the  lourlh  in  the  union.  It  islhe  (freatesl 
flour  market  in  the  world. 

The  District  of  Columbia  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States'  government,  by  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia, in  1790.  It  is  ten  miles  sqtiarc,  containing 
an  area  of  one  hundred  square  miles. 

Wasbisotoh  ia  noted  as  being  the  capital  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  situated  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Potomac,  which  is  navigable  to  this  point 
for  abip*  of  the  hne.  An  United  States'  navy 
yard  is  also  eptablished  here. 

Virginia. 

Noted  as  the  birth-place  of  the  immortal 
Washington,  and  for  having  given  six  presidenta 
to  the  Union. 

It  ia  crowed  by  the  Alleghany  Mountaimi  and 
Blue  Ridge,  which  extend  N.  B.  and  S.  W. 

The  soil,  on  the  coast,  is  sandy  and  stenle ;  on 
the  banks  of  rivers  and  in  the  valleys,  it  is  nch 
and  fertile. 

The  climate,  on  the  coast,  w  unhealthy  ;  but, 
among  the  mountains,  cool  and  salubrious. 

RicHM05D  ia  the  capital  of  Virginia. 

Norfolk  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  noted  for  foreign 
commerce.  On  the  oppoate  side  of  the  Elizabeth 
river,  is  Gosport;  noted  for  the  United  8tates' 
Navy  Yard,  and  an  extensive  dry  dock. 

Yorktown  is  noted  for  the  surrender  of  Lord 
Cornwallis  to  General  Washington,  in  1781. 


Uware. 

the  smallest  population 
lion,  and  the  smiim-st  terri- 

Ulaiid. 

,rt  tliu  wril  »  fertile ;  in  the 
s. 

e  thrre  are.  ex  tensive  cstab- 
lannl'ucture  of  paper,  gun- 
oolcn  goods. 

u  the  lar^'""  >-ovn  in  Ilie  Male, 
water  power ;  which  is  u»ed 
r.r.  |>owder  aixl  cotton  mills 


aryland. 

climate,  favorable  situa- 
id  as  having  been  aettled  by 

ID  Virginia  by  the  Potomac, 
ro  parts  by  tiie  Chesapeake 
are  navigable  to  the  extreme 
ite. 
and  produces  an  excellent 

piial.  ,  .     . 

s  being  till!  mriest  town  in  the 
n  the  uiiiuii.  It  is  thu  (greatest 
>rld. 

Columbia  was  ce<led  to  the 
nment,  by  Marj'land  and  Vir- 
I  ten  miles  square,  containing 
Ired  square  miles, 
noted  as  being  the  capital  of 
[t  is  situated  on  the  east  bank 
ich  is  navigable  to  this  point 
B.  An  United  atates"  navy 
led  here. 

rirginia. 

irth-place  of  the  immortal 
r  having  given  six  presidents 

le  Alleghany  Mountaiiu  and 
3xtend  N.  E.  and  8.  W. 
;oast,  is  sandy  and  sterile ;  on 
and  in  the  valleys,  it  is  rich 

he  coast,  is  unhealthy  ;  but, 
IS,  cool  and  salubrious. 

capital  of  Virginia. 
)  harbor,  and  noted  for  foreign 
opposite  side  of  the  Elizabeth 
noted  for  the  United  States' 
extensive  dry  dock, 
ed  for  the  surrender  of  Lord 
ral  Washington,  in  1781. 


■•^  iJiii'i:miSt»jamL'  - 


-mmmmm^il^immfr 


«««W"^"lM*1^WW^PP»i*WWiP»^W 


SOUTHERN    STATES, 


31 


From  Hampton  Roads,  eii,'ht  miles,  Norfolk  lives  ever, 
Upon  KHziibtth's  fair,  flowing  river. 

Yorktown,  upon  y^ork  river,  sits  alone, 
Where  Lord  Comwallis  bowed  to  Washinjjftou. 

North  Carolina. 

Ra'-lcigh,  in  the  interior  of  N.  C, 
Near  rim-  Xeime,  whose  waves  are  ever  free. 

Newberu,  the  largest  town,  stan(l.s  by  the  Neuae; 

Of  Caije  Fear  river,  Fay'-ette-ville  makes  use. 

And  Wilmington  comes  in  the  stanza  next, 
Up  Cape  Fear  river,  miles — ^just  thirty-six. 

South  Carolina. 

Columbia  stands  upon  the  Con-ga-ree' ; 
And  Georgetown  dwells  upon  the  Greal  Pedee', — 
As  Charleston  lives  just  seven  miles  from  sea. 
Hamburg,  by  tlie  Sa-van'-nah,  keeps  her  station, 
Just  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation. 

€}e«rgla. 

Wliere  rolls  O-con'-ee's  waves,  is  Mil'-ledge-villc  ; 
Augusta,  where  Savannah's  waters  spill ; 
On  the  same  tide,  Savannah  moimts  her  bluff — 
Say,  seventeen  from  sea,  for  that's  enough. 

Alabama. 

On  Alabama's  breast,  Montgomery 's  hung  ; 
As  Tus-ca-loo'-sa  hears  Mack  Wa~riw's  song. 
Mobile  is  west  the  mouth  of  Mobile  tide  ; 
As  Blakely  lives  upon  the  other  side. 

inisslraip^ 

Jackson,  in  Mississippi,  drinks  the  Pearl; 

Tomliffbee's  waters  round  Columbus  furl ; 

And  Natchez  makes  a  rising  bluflf  her  seat — 
O'er  Mississippi's  wave,  three  hundred  feet. 
On  the  same  tide,  below  the  dark  Yazoo, 
From  Jackson,  west,  Vicks-burgh  is  in  the  view. 

lAolslana. 

And  New  Or-leans'  o'er  Louisiana  smiles. 
Up  Mississippi's  stream,  one  hundred  miles. 

'Bove  New  Orleans  one  hundred,  ten,  at  most,  [110 
Is  Ba-ton  Rouge,  a  military  post. 


I  North  Carolina. 

i  Noted  for  itw  Gold  Mines,  that  yield 
I  $4,000,000  annually  ;  and,  also,  for  the  Dismal 
j  Hwamp,  thirty  miles  long  and  ten  miles  wide. 
I  I':  is  low  and  samly,  tur  sixty  or  seventy  miles 
I  from  the  coast.  In  the  interior,  it  is  hilly ;  and  in 
I  the  western  part  it  is  mountainous. 
I  This  State  hns  no  good  harlxirs,  'I'he  coast  is 
{  lined  with  annd  burs  and  reels,  that  render  naviga- 
\  tion  dangerous. 

Rai.iioh,  near  the  center  of  ihr  Slate,  is  the  capitiil. 
I  Newtierii  i''  noiiil  an  lli>^  largest  town  in  tjie  aiute. 
'  Wilmiii^o.i,  the  chief  rommereial  depot,  is  noted  as 
'  being  the  terminus  of  an  extensive  liiie  of  railroad. 

South  Carolina. 

The  Bmalleat  of  the  Southern  States  ; 
noted  for  the  opulence  and  independent  character 
of  its  plhnttrs. 

CoLt/MBiA,  the  cnpitnl,  is  noted  for  its  neatness. 
Churlesiou  is  noted  us  the  largestof  the  Atlantiueiliei 
in  the  Boulhern  States. 

Oeorgla. 

Noted  for  its  productions  of  rice  and 
cotton,  as  well  as  for  gold  mines.  The  mines 
are  found  in  the  northern  part. 

In  sur&ce  and  soil,  it  resembles  the  Carolinas. 
Indigo  was  once  raised  in  large  quantities,  but 
cotton  has  now  taken  the  lead  of  all  other  products. 
Hugar  cane  is  raised  to  some  extent  in  the 
southern  part 

MiLi-KDaKtiLLK.  the  capital,  lias  a  pleasanl  situation. 
^^avullIlah  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  town  in  the 
Slate,  and  as  having  a  large  share  of  commerce. 

Alabama. 

Noted  for  its  fertile  soil,  and  rapid  in- 
crease in  population. 

("otton  is  tlio  chief  agricultural  pro<Iucl. 
MoNTOOMKlT,  i>.    'he  Alalminii  rver.  ia  the  capital. 
Mobile  is  noted  lor  .  -  "Xtcnsive  commerce. 
Tuscaloosa,  the  former  i  .ipital,  is  a  nourishing  town. 

Missisaippl. 

Situated  mostly  in  the  basin  of  the  Mis- 
■issippi  river,  which  bounds  it  on  the  west 
It  is  noted  as  being  the  chief  cotton  growing  state 
in  the  Union. 

The  southern  portion  is  level,  and  the  northern 
mountainous. 

JiCKSOif,  the  capitnl,  is  on  Pearl  river. 

Natchez,  the  larjrest  town,  nnd  11  place  of  creat  trade, 
is  situated  on  a  high  blulT,  300  fret  above  the  Missis- 
sippi. 

Louiaiana. 

Noted  for  its  great  commercial  advantages, 
and  as  the  chief  sugar  growing  state  in  the  Union. 
It  is  a  low  and  level  tract,  and  at  the  southern 
part  forms  the  delta  of  the  groat  Mississippi.  The 
waters  of  the  river  are  higher  than  tlie  surrounding 
country,  and  are  kept  from  overflowing  by  levees. 


32 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


1 


And  Alexandria,  for  ito  trade  in  eoOon, 
Upon  Red  river,  must  not  be  forgotten  ; 

And  Nttlch-i-toches,  an  old  French  town  we  enter. 
On  the  tame  tide,  near  Louisiiina's  center. 

Florida. 


The  mgar  rained  in  Loui»i«n«,  in  1846,  wm 
207,000,000  of  poundi. 

Niw  0«i,K»OT.  ihB  cnpitd,  and  the  l*rge*t  town  in 
Ihf  >'<)iilh>Tii  !<lKlK<,  !■  mlunlfd  on  lh«  Mmnuppi,  one 
hundred  inilns  from  lU  mouili.  lu  commerce  i»  next 
lo  llittl  of  Nirw  York. 

Ilaloii  lloiige  it  iioli-d  «•  •  mililBry  itnlioit,  and  fcr 
n  I'nilcd  Siale«'  ar»en»l. 

Alexundrm  ii  noted  for  il»  trade  lu  cotton. 

Florida. 


Scene  in  Florida. 

In  Florida  is  Tal-la-has'-see  found, 
The  seat  of  rule,  on  elevated  ground. 

And  Pen-aa-co'-la  stands,  far  to  the  west. 
And  of  the  Ovlf  ports  she  is  deemed  the  best. 

Upon  the  eastern  coast,  St.  Augustine  {mi-g^isteen' 
Oldest  of  towns,  beneath  a  sky  serene. 

Florida  is  the  native  state  of  the  Seniinolo  Indiana. 
It  i«  noted  for  fertility  of  soil  and  luxuriant  vegrtatioii,  and  an  l<einK 
the  most  routhem  part  of  the  United  States.  It  formerly  Ujlonged 
to  Spain,  but  was  cetled  to  the  United  States  in  1819. 

TittAiiASRiK,  the  capital,  has  an  elevated  site. 

St.  .\ugU8ti/iP  is  noted  as  the  oldest  town  in  the  United  Stales. 
It  is  the  resort  of  invalids,  on  account  of  its  mild  and  healthy  climate. 

Pensacola  is  noteil  as  a  man-of-war  station,  and  for  its  harbor— 
the  best  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Texas. 

Austin,  fi     i  Colorado,  slakes  her  thirst. 
And  o'er  the  Lone  Star  reigns  supreme  and  first. 
Bas-trop',  La  Grange,  Columbus  further  south. 
With  Mat-a-gor-da  at  the  river's  mouth. 

Sa-bine'  is  at  the  mouth  of  dark  Sa-bine,  [sa-been 
And  Gal'-ves-ton  beside  her  bay  is  seen. 
Houston,  northwest  of  Galveston,  ^  «  vie^v. 
On  a  small  Jtream,  call'd  Buffalo  jbaj,-.^u. 

Ve-las'-ca,  where  the  Brazos  r-  «       '      ■      ^ — 
A  place  of  much  resort  in  summoi  w.i.v. 

Go'-liad,  a  town  on  San  An-to'-nio's  shore. 
Where  Fannin  died,  with  full  four  hundred  more. 


OCEOLA,  SEMINOLE  CHIEF. 


The  above  cut  is  a  representation  of  Ockola,  the 
Chief  of  tHe  Seminole  Indians,  who  long  main- 
tained a  bloody  and  even-handed  war  with  the  United 
Slates.  They  inhabited  the  Everglades  of  Florid^ 
and  were  assailed  in  vain,  till  hunted  down  by  blood 
hounds  procured  from  Cuba. 


Texas. 

The  Lone  Star— noted  for  its  rapid  in- 
crease in  population,  and  for  having  once  been  a 
part  of  Mexico. 

It  wa»  declared  an  independent  state  in  1835 ; 
and,  in  1846,  it  waa  annexed  to  the  United  Statea. 

Texas  contains  about  ax  times  as  much  terri- 
tory as  Pennsylvania. 

The  chief  productions  are  cotton,  tobacco,  nee, 
sugtu:,  com  and  wheat  

It  abounds  in  bufelo,  deer,  and  wild  hataea, 
tb'.  rt)^"n  ovei  ita  vast  plains. 

I  ..^  inhabitants  are  mostly  firom  the  U.  State*. 

Atn-iiK  is  the  capital. 

Sabine  City,  on  the  nver  Sabine,  is  a  port  of  entry. 
Houston  is  the  most  commercial  town  in  the  Slate. 
Velasco  is  noted  as  a  summer  resort. 
Uoliad  is  noted  for  the  massacre  of  Col.  Fannin,  and 
four  hundred  prisoners,  by  the  Mexicans. 


l_ 


IHiiJHfiifiili 


mtmmm 


mumm 


1  LouUam.  in  1845,  waa 

>iul,  i»nd  ihe  lurgert  town  in 
imlfiton  lh<-  MiMH«ippi,one 
oulli.    lu  commcrca  it  next 

■•  •  iDtlitury  ttatioii,  ind  for 

r  itii  trade  ill  cotton. 

oxida. 


tv;j:SaLMi,^^^*£5^i£fK^Szk^:-s9'>'-'^ 


EMINOLE  CHIEF. 

repreientmion  of  Ockola,  the 
le  Indians,  who  long  main- 
in-handed  war  with  ihr  United 
id  the  Everglades  of  FloridiL 
ain,  till  hunted  down  by  blood 
Cuba. 


raxas. 

—noted  for  its  rapid  in- 
,  and  for  baring  once  been  a 

1  independent  state  in  1835; 

annexed  to  the  United  States. 

nut  six  times  as  much  terri- 

a. 

tions  are  cott(m,  tobacco,  rice, 

!at 

>ii!a1o,  deer,  and  wild  hoisea, 

ast  plains. 

ire  mostly  from  the  U.  State*. 

river  Sabine,  is  a  port  of  entry. 
It  commercial  town  in  the  State. 
I  a  summer  resort, 
the  massac  re  of  Ciol.  Fannin,  and 
n,  by  Ihe  Mexicans. 


J 


mmmmUm 


BPiMBM 


WESTERN    STATES. 


23 


IV. -WES  TERN 

ArkaiiNUM. 

Twico  thirty  iniks,  up  the  ArkanaoH'  billow, 
O'er  the  north  bunk,  Arkiinsa.s  niiikcs  her  pillow. 

Arkan-sas  Stiuc  to  Litlle  Ilock  lays  claim, 
That  by  Arkansas  river  writes  her  nume. 

Van  Buren,  near  the  Indian  Territory, 
Up  the  same  tide,  i.s  woven  in  the  story. 

And  Bates'-ville  slumbei  i  on  the  river  White, 
As,  in  the  northwest,  Fay'-ette-ville  we  write. 

TennesMcr. 

Nashville,  of  Tennessee,  is  known  to  stand 
By  the  Great  Bend  of  river  Oumberland. 

Memphis,  secure  from  Mississippi's  waters. 
Southwest  of  all,  makes  a  high  bluff  her  quarters. 

In  Eastern  Tennessee,  Knoxville  is  seated, 
Where  Hol-aton'a  song  is  every  day  repeated. 

Kentucky. 


Daniel  Boone. 

Frankfort  is  by  Kentucky's  giant  rill ; 

As,  on  the  Ohio's  tide,  is  Louisville. 

Southeast  of  Frankfort,  miles  just  twenty -two, 
On  Elkhom  river,  Lexington  we  view. 

From  Louisville,  Mays'-ville  is  up  the  river. 
Northeast  the  course,  where  commerce  flows  for  ever. 

Indiana. 

Of  Indiana  State,  the  ruling  Miss, 
Upon  West  Fwk,  is  la'-di-an-ap'-o-lis. 

Known  for  her  vineyards,  by  the  Ohio'a  tide. 
Where  lives  New  Albany,  is  Vevay  spied. 


STATES. 

Arkanaaa. 

Lies  weat  of  the  Miagissippi,  and  noted 
for  hut  Hprings. 

(t  Waa  luJiuUltid  into  the  Union  in  l8iJB. 

Along  till!  Mianisiiippi,  it  u  low  and  unhealthy. 
The  interior  is  elevated,  and  enjoys  a  salubrious 
climate. 

It  abounds  with  large  rivers. 

Little  Rooii,  iIio  capilal,  is  on  Arkansns  river. 

Arkansas  is  noted  us  beinif  the  oiliest  (own  in  the 
Slain;  settled  liy  iho  Freiiuli  in  1685.  Its  population 
11  mostly  d(«o(indaalt  of  French  and  Indians. 


Tenneaaee. 

Noted  tor  the  Cumberland  Mountaina ; 
for  its  healthy  climalc?  and  fertile  soil.  It  is  di- 
vided, by  the  Cumberland  .Mountains,  into  East 
and  West  Tennessee. 

NASHviLLS,iheliiri    -n       i iiithc  state,isthecapilal. 

Memphis,  in  the  somhwoft  part  of  Ihe  state,  is  on  a 
high  bluff,  above  ih«  highe«!  wa  er  mark  of  ihu  Mis- 
sissippi—Ihe  only  place  secure  (roni  Uie  Hoods  of  this 
river  for  350  miles. 


Kentucky. 

Settled  by  Daniel  Boone,  in  1679.  It 
is  noted  for  its  delightful  climate  and  fine  soil,  the 
mammoth  cave,  and  for  the  brave  and  hospitable 
character  of  its  inhaltitants. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  this  state  rests  on  a  bed  of 
limestone,  that  is  generally  seven  or  eight  feet  be- 
low the  soil. 

The  bonr.8  of  the  mammoth  nre  found  in  a  high 
state  of  preservation  in  several  parts  of  this  state. 

FHASKroKT,  on  the  Kentucky  river,  is  the 
capital. 

liouisville  is  noted  as  the  largest  town  in  the 
state,  and  for  numerous  manufactures. 

Lexington  is  in  a  rich  and  k-autiful  district. 

Danisi.  Boos*.— .The  daring  adventures  of 
this  remarkable  man  are  wmderlul.  He  plunged 
into  the  unexplored  forest,  among  the  savage  In- 
dians and  wild  animals,  with  no  other  weapon  or 
means  of  defense  save  his  imening  rifle. 


Indiana. 

Smallest  of  the  Western  Stales,  though 
one  of  the  most  fertile  and  prosperous. 

It  resembles  Ohio  in  surface,  soil  and  climate. 

The  people  of  this  state,  as  well  as  in  all  of  the 
Western  States,  are  chiefly  employed  in  agricul- 
tural punniita. 


24 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY, 


On  the  mine  tide,  makes  Madison  her  lair  ; 

Where,  from  Columbus,  drives  the  railroad  car. 

"With  Lawreuceburg  let  Cambridge  City  mix  ; 

Though  space  divides  them,  miles,  just  seventy  six. 

Vincennes,  Tcrre  Haute,  and  Covington,  we  rank  [tere  hole] 
With  La  Fayette,  all  on  the  Wabtuh  bank. 
There,  Delphi  keeps;  there,  Loganaport  in  known ; 
There  stand  Peru,  Wabash,  and  Huntington. 
Northeast  from  this,  bound  by  the  tow-path  chain, 
Where  foams  Mautnee,  in  Allen,  is  Fort  Wayne. 
South  Bend  is  where  St.  Joseph's  billows  break ; 
As  Miclugen  City  smiles  above  the  Lake. 

Ohio. 

Columbus  reigns  upon  Ohio's  soil, 
While  at  her  feet  Scioto's  waters  boil. 
With  Steubenville,  and  one  called  Marietta, 
On  the  Ohio  tide,  is  Cincinnati. 
And  Sidney,  Troy,  and  Payton,  find  a  home, 
Upon  Miami's  banks,  with  Hamilton. 
Cleveland  is  north,  where  £rie  chants  her  ditty  ; 
As,  west  from  Cleveland,  stands  Sandusky  City. 
Lower  Sandusky,  where  Sandusky's  billow 
Gives  Tiffin,  and  Bucyrus,  each,  a  pillow. 
In  Ot-ta-wa',  Port  Clinton,  finds  a  spot ; 
Huron,  in  Erie,  must  not  be  forgot. 

Newark,  and  Mansfield,  with  Mount  Vernon,  lain 

From  Erie,  south ;  while  Wooster  Ihee  in  Wayne. 

And  south  of  Wayne  is  Millersburg  the  while ; 

As,  north,  Medina,  and  Eiyria,  smile. 

Northwest  of  all,  where  foams  the  dark  Maumee, 

Charloe,  Defiance,  and  Napoleon  see : 

And  Perrysburg  lives  by  the  Maumee  stream  ; 
Where,  further  down,  Toledo's  turrets  beam. 

With  Uryan,  Paulding  and  Van  Wert,  are  west, 

Celina,  Greenville,  Raion,  and  the  rest 

Putnam  and  Findlay,  near  the  dark  Auglaize  .• 

Lima,  and  Kenton,  both,  are  south  of  these. 

Newark,  and  Zanes%ille,  o'er  Muskingum  bide  ; 

McConnellsville  is  seated  down  the  tide. 

Logan,  and  Athens,  on  tbo  Hocking  stay ; 
Jackson,  and  Chester,  south  of  them  may  lay. 
With  Ponwroy,  Galliopolis  lives  ever. 
By  Burlington,  on  the  Ohio  river. 

From  Cleveland,  south,  along  the  tow-path  side, 

Cuyahoga  Falls  with  Akron  are  espied  ; 

Fnlton  and  Massillon  we  likewise  view  ; 

Then  Bolivar  and  Philadelphia  too  : 

Coshocton  next,  then  Newark,  Circleville, — 

The  last  is  where  Scioto's  waves  distill ; 


Indian  corn,  wheat,  outs,  beef  and  pork,  are 
raised  in  vast  quantities,  with  half  the  work  nec- 
essary in  the  Eastern  States. 

InniAirAPOLis,  on  West  Fork,  of  White  river, 
is  the  capi'ul. 

Vevay  is  noted  for  its  vineyards,  planted  by 
Swiss  emigrants. 

New  Albany  is  noted  as  being  the  largest  town 
in  the  state. 

Michigan  City  is  the  only  gixid  port  in  the  state, 
on  Lake  Michigan. 


OUo. 

Called  the  Buck  Eye  State.  It  is  deati- 
tute  of  mountains,  though  hilly  and  irregular 
along  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  river. 

Large  prairies  an-  found  at  the  head  waters  of 
the  Scioto  and  Muskingum. 

This  state  is  noted  for  great  wealth  and  rapid 
increase  in  population. 

Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  river  give  it  great  ad- 
vantages  for  commerce. 

It  was  settled  as  late  as  1789,  yet,  in  point  of 
population,  is  the  third  state  in  the  Union. 

CotiTMBUS,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Scioto  river.  Its  site  was  selected  in 
1812,  as  the  seat  of  the  legislature,  and  was  then 
an  entire  wilderness. 

Cincinnati,  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  in  the 
•outhwest  part  of  the  state,  is  (me  of  the  largest 
cities  west  of  the  Alleghanies.  It  is  one  hundred 
and  fifteen  miles  southwest  of  Columbus,  four 
hundred  and  ninety  from  Washington,  and  about 
lujie  hundred  from  the  city  of  New  York,  by  the 
Buffalo  and  Lake  Eria  route.  This  city,  in 
1795,  contauiid  but  500  inhabitants;  in  1800, 
750;  in  1 820,  the  population  was  9,640;  in  1830, 
U.OOO ;  in  1840,  4«  000 ;  in  1847,  the  popula- 
tion had  reached  «a  high  as  90,000;  and,  at  the 
present  time,  probably  exceeds  100,000. 

The  climate  of  this  city  is  subject  to  coneidcr- 
ablo  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  but  is  generally 
considered  healthy. 

Cincinnati  is  noted  ami  distinguished  as  lieing 
tlie  greatest  pork  market  in  the  world. 

The  strecU  that  run  cast  and  west  are  denomi- 
nated First,  Second,  Third,  Fourth,  &c. ;  those 
that  run  north  and  soutli  are  named ;  as,  Elm, 
Race,  Vine,  W  alnut,  Main,  &c.  The  city  is  be- 
tween the  river,  on  tlie  south,  and  a  high  hill  sur- 
rounding it  on  the  east,  north  and  west ;  the  streets 
that  run  north  and  south  extend  from  tlie  river  to 
the  hill. 

Cleveland  is  the  principal  jwrt  for  Uiis  state,  on 
Lake  Erie.  Its  advantages  for  trade  and  com- 
merce are  great  The  city,  with  the  exception  of 
that  part  bordering  on  the  Cuyahoga  river,  is  one 
of  the  most  b<!autiful  in  the  Dnited  States.  The 
streets  are  all  wide,  and  the  houses  are  neat  and 
beautifully  shaded  with  trees. 


•WWW^^WMMHnMMiHliliNi 


auts,  beef  and  pork,  are 
with  half  the  work  nec- 
ates. 

est  Fork,  of  White  river, 
its  vineyards,  planted  by 
as  being  the  largest  town 
)nly  good  port  in  the  stale. 


Uo. 

Jye  State.     It  is  desti- 

>ugh   hilly  and    irregular 

Ohio  river. 

und  at  the  head  waters  of 

?um. 

tr  great  wealth  and  rapid 

'hio  river  give  it  great  ad- 

5  as  1789,  yet,  in  point  of 
state  in  the  Union. 

tal,  is  situated  on  the  east 
r.  Its  site  was  selected  in 
e  legislature,  and  was  then 

on  the  Ohio  river,  in  the 
itate,  is  one  of  the  largest 
hanies.  It  is  one  liundml 
thwest  of  Columbus,  four 
)m  Washington,  and  alwut 
city  of  New  York,  by  the 
m  route.      This  city,   in 

00  inhabitants;  in  IROO, 
ilation  was  9,640;  in  1830. 
iOO  ;  in  1847,  the  popula- 
igh  as  90,000 ;  and,  at  the 
exceeds  100,000. 

1  city  is  subject  to  considcr- 
and  cold,  but  is  generally 

and  distinguished  as  l)eing 
.et  In  the  world. 
I  cast  and  west  are  denomi- 
riurd.  Fourth,  Ac. ;  those 
lutli  are  named;  as.  Elm, 
Main,  &c.  The  city  is  be- 
;  soutti,  and  a  high  hill  sur- 
,  north  and  west ;  the  streets 
ith  extend  from  the  river  to 

ncipal  port  for  this  state,  on 
ntages  for  trade  and  com- 
B  city,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Cuyahoga  river,  is  one 
m  the  United  States.  The 
d  the  houses  are  neat  and 
h  trees. 


WESTERN    STATES. 


35 


And  Cliillicothe  standing  furtlier  south, 

Drinks  from  this  tide  with  Piketon  and  Portsmouth. 

East  from  Miami,  west  Scioto')  furrow, 

Arc  London,  Washington,  and  one  Hillsboro. 

In  Clinton,  Wilmington;  (West  Union  count,) 

Georgetown  in  Brown,  Batavia  in  Clermont 

Urbana  lies,  with  Springfield  by  her  side. 

Where  roars  Mad  rioer,  in  its  might  and  pride. 

Xenia,  from  Springfield,  south,  is  found  in  Greene ;  {Zenia) 

In  Warren  county,  I^ebanon  is  seen. 

Bellefonte,  from  Springfield  north,  in  Logan  know  ; 

As  Woodfield,  east,  is  stationed  in  Monroe. 

And  Marysville,  Marion,  and  Delaware, 

Near  the  glad  waters  of  Scioto  fare. 

Lan-cas-ter  Uves  iri  Fairfield  county  yet; 

While,  in  the  county  east,  is  Somerset. 

In  Guernsey  county,  Cambridge  numbers  one ; 

St  Clairsville  next  Cadiz  and  CarroUton. 

As,  one  New  Lisbon  rules  Columbiana, 

And  Canton  Stai& ;  o'er  Portage  is  Ravenna. 

From  Portage,  north,  Chardon  and  PainesviUe  tread. 

Warren  is  east,  in  Trumbull  county  bred. 

Northeast  of  all,  is  Ashtabula  known. 

Whose  county  town  is  christened  Je^raon. 


Michigan. 

Southeast  the  State  of  Michigan,  in  sight 
Of  her  dark  waters,  is  the  town  Detroit. 
Adrian,  Tecumseh  and  the  fair  Monroe, 
Where  River  Raisin  murmurs  in  its  flow. 
And  Ypsilanti  on  the  rail-way  keeps 
In  Washtenaw,  where  Huron  River  sweeps. 
Ann  Arbor  then  with  Dexter  we  may  view. 
Then  Jackson  comes,  Marshall  and  Kalamazoo. 
Paw  Paw  is  next,  and  last  of  all  St.  Joe, 
Where  the  dark  waters  of  St.  Josephs  flow. 

And  Hills-dale,  Branch,  and  Niles,  and  Cen-tre-ville, 
With  Ber-ri-en,  where  St.  Joteph'a  waters  spill. 
As  Shelby,  northward  from  Detroit  we  track ; 
From  Shelby,  west,  is  seated  Pontiac. 
Near  St.  Clair  Lake,  Mt.  Clemens  seeks  repose ; 
St.  CliUr  is  where  the  SI.  Clair  river  flows. 
From  Pontiac,  "vest,  Howell  the  first  we  scan ; 
Then  Bcllvuc  comes,  Hastings,  and  Allegan. 
Grand  Haven,  at  the  mouth  of  river  Grand, 
Just  opposite  Milwaukee,  takes  her  stand. 
Grand  Rapids,  with  I-o-ni-a,  up  this  stream, 
Where  Lansing  lives,  as  capital,  I  ween. 
Corunna,  Flint  Port  Huron,  and  La-Peer, 
Are  in  the  counties  stationed  east  of  here. 
And  Mackinaw  keeps  in  an  open  Strait, 
'Tween  Michigan  and  Huron,  'tis  the  gate; 
Upon  a  dusky  isle  her  bulwarks  flame, 
A  fortress  strong,  and  owned  by  Uncle  Sam. 


Ziinesville,  on  the  Muskingum,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Licking  river,  is  a  flourishing  town. 

Sandusky  City  is  on  Sandusky  Bay,  upwards 
of  one  hundred  miles  from  Columbus. 

Dayton,  on  the  Miami,  southwest  of  Wolf  run, 
is  considered  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in  the 
state.  It  is  crossed  by  the  Miami  Canal  that  con- 
nects it  with  Cincinnati. 

Chillicothe,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Sdolo,  has 
a  beautiful  situation. 

Steul)cnville  is  in  .lefierson  county,  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  state,  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  in  a 
coal  district 

The  internal  improvements  in  this  state  are 
rapidly  progressing,  and  in  extent  are  second  to 
no  state  but  New  York. 

The  most  important  are  as  follows : 

LENarn. 

Ohio  Canal  and  branches 336  miles. 

Miami  Canal  and  branches, 84 

Miami  Extension  Canal  and  Inanches,  138 

Wabash  and  Erie  Canal, 91 

Walhonding  ('anal S5 

Hocking  ('anal S6 

Muskingum  Improvement, 91 

Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  KtUroad,  .    160 
Little  Miami  Railroad, 140 

Michigan. 

Noted  for  its  great  commercial  advant- 
ages, its  mines  of  copper,  forests  of  pine,  and  for 
its  rapid  improvement 

It  consists  of  two  great  peninsulas;  one  be- 
tween lakes  Michigan  and  Huron;  the  other 
between  lakes  Micliigan  and  Superior. 

The  coppermines  are  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Superior. 

LiNsiKs,  the  new  capital,  is  on  Grand  river, 
near  the  center  of  the  state. 

Detroit,  the  largest  and  most  important  town 
in  •he  state,  is  favorably  situated  for  commerce 
and  trade,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  on 
the  Detroit  river.  It  is  the  half  way  house  for 
boats  and  vessels  running  between  Buflalo  and 
(3hicago. 

Adrian,  Tecumseh  and  Monroe,  are  flourishing 
towns  on  the  Raisin  river. 

Ypsilanti  is  in  Washttnaw  county,  on  Hunm 
river. 

Ann  Arbor,  Dexter,  Jackson,  Marshall,  Kala- 
mazoo, Pnw  Paw,  *c.,  are  the  principal  fU(xa  on 
the  Railroad  that  crosses  the  state  east  and  wcrt. 
St.  Joseph  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  St  Joseph'* 
river.  Hillsdale,  Niles'  Branch,  Centerville  and 
Berrien  are  all  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  stole, 
on  the  same  river. 

Shelby  is  situated  north  of  Detroit 

Grand  Haven,  at  the  mouth  of  Grand  river,  is 
opposite  Milwaukee,  in  Wisconsin,  on  the  western 
shores  of  the  lake. 

Mackinaw  is  noted  for  its  fbrtificationi,  and  for  the 
an.iuul  meeting  of  the  Indians,  to  receive  thair  yearly 
stipend  from  the  United  Slates'  government 


"  I,  IIIIJ«lllllj)_l 


26 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


Illinois. 

Springfield  is  capital  of  Illinois,     (lUinoy) 
Where  river  San'-ga-mon  her  notes  employ. 
(Dhi-ca'-go  reigns  the  chief  of  all  the  clan, 
With  Little  Fort  beside  Lake  Michigan. 
Lockport  and  Ju-li-et'  with  Dresden,  twain, 
Are  near  Chicago,  on  the  dark  Des  Plains.  (De  Plain) 

And  Illinois,  to  Ot-tn-wa  may  roar, 

Poru,  Pe-o-ri-a,  and  Ha-van-na — four : 

T=  on  Beanlstown  comes,  and  Mer-e-do-sia's  seen ; 

As,  east  this  tide,  is  Oarrolton,  in  Greene. 

Ga-le'-na,  noted  for  her  mines  of  lead, 
Northwest  of  all,  by  Fever  River  bred. 
Rock  Island,  first  on  Mississippi  view. 
And  then  the  Mormon  city,  called  Nau-voo. 
Then  Warsaw  comes,  and  Quincy  next  we  rhyme  ; 
And  Al'-ton,  noted  for  her  coal  and  lime. 
Kas-kas'-kia,  a  French  town  further  south. 
With  Cai  ro  seated  by  Ohio's  mouth. 

And  Rhelbyville,  Vandelia,  and  Carlisle, 
Along  the  banks  of  fair  Kaskaskia  smile. 
Monmouth  and  Knoxville  near  each  other  rest; 
Macon  and  IJarlhagc,  from  Peoria,  west. 
And  RushviJIe,  Woodville,  and  Columbus,  throng; 
Near  Qninijf,  is  the  place  they  all  belong. 
From  Springfield,  west,  has  .lacksonville  her  fore ; 
Known  for  file  college  that  is  stationed  there. 
And,  by  the  Wabash,  Danville  sits  her  down ; 
While,  oa  the  Ohio  tide,  is  Shawneetown 

BIlSBoarl. 

And  Jefferson  City  on  a  high  bluff  smiles. 
Up  the  Missouri  tide  twice  sixty  miles,     (120) 
On  the  same  tide,  just  twenty  from  its  mouth, 
St.  Charles  is  on  the  north  bank,  not  the  south, 
And  Independence,  west  of  all  hath  laid  her, 
From  whence  for  Santa  Fe,  leaves  many  a  trader. 
St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississippi  's  seen, 
Down  from  Missouri's  mouth  miles  seventeen, 
From  New  Orleans,  twelve  hundred  up  tlie  tide, 
Missouri's  largest  town,  Missouri's  pridn. 
And  from  St.  Louis,  sevttiity  miles  southwest, 
Po-to'-si  Uvea,  known  for  her  lead  the  best. 


niinols. 


I'ruirie  on  Fire. 


The  prairien  of  ihe  WoMcrn  Slalei  are  ever)-  year 

•urept  over  by  fire.  The  view,  when  ihe  tall  kturs  is 
thnrouglily  dried  and  Ihe  flames  are  aided  by  a  strong 
wind,  is  one  truly  mugnificenl  and  sublime. 

Noted  for  rapid  increase  in  population, 
and  great  fertility. 

Agiiculture  is  the  chief  employment  of  the 
people, 

l<ead  is  found  at  Galena,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
the  state,  in  great  abundance. 

The  canal,  connecting  Lake  Michigan  with  the 
Illinois  river,  is  now  complete. 

8pringpisld,  Ihe  capiial.  is  on  the  Snngnmoii  river. 

Chicago,  one  of  Ihe  largest  towns  in  the  West,  is 
al  the  head  of  Luke  Michigan. 

Nauvoo,  on  Ihe  Mississippi,  is  noted  as  the  Mormon 
City. 

Alton  is  noted  for  its  coal  and  lime. 

Galena  for  its  lead  mines. 


Missouri 

The  largest  state  in  the  union,  with  the 
exception  of  Texas,  and  noted  for  its  great  mine- 
ral resources. 

This  »tate  lies  west  of  the  Misf^issippi.  and  is 
intersected  from  west  to  east  by  the  .Missouri 
liver,  the  great  tributary  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  mines  of  lead,  iron,  salt,  coal,  &c.,  are 
inexhaustible,  and  constitute  the  wealth  of  the 
state. 

Iron  Mountain  is  a  ma.s8  of  pure  iron,  350  feot 
high,  and  two  miles  in  circuit.  Pilot  Knob  is 
another  mass  600  feet  high,  and  three  miles  in 
circuit 

Jkffkhhox  Citt,  the  capital,  is  on  a  high 
bluH  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  up  the  Mi»- 
souri  river. 

St.  Jiouis  M  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  the 
Western  States,  and  bids  fair  to  liccome  one  of 
the  first  in  the  union. 


i'i«i"«*  immmmmtmmmm 


lOiS. 


on  Fire. 


stern  Slaiei  are  ever)-  year 

view,  when  Ihe  tull  gtans  is 
dames  are  aided  liy  a  strong 
cent  and  sublime. 

ncreaae  in  population, 

hief  employment  of  the 

?na,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 

lance. 

g  ].iake  Michigan  vrith  the 

nplete. 

I.  is  on  the  Sangamon  river. 

;est  town*  in  the  West,  is 

ignn. 

ippi,  is  noted  as  the  Mormon 

«l  and  lime. 
If. 


sourL 

in  the  union,  with  the 
(1  noted  for  its  great  mine- 

of  the  MisFisaippi.  and  is 
to  east  by  the  .Missouri 

y  of  the  MiHsiaeippi. 
iron,  salt,  coal,  &c.,  are 

latitute  the  wealtli  uf  the 

nan  of  pure  iron,  350  feot 
n  circuit.  Pilot  Knob  is 
t  high,  and  three  miles  in 

he  capital,  is  on  a  high 
twenty  miles  up  the  Mis- 

the  largest  towns  in  the 
ids  fair  to  liccoiiie  one  of 


WESTERN    STATES. 


*i7 


Iowa. 


Sao  Indians  Spearing  Fish. 

The  Sac  Indians  in  this  stale  subsist  by  hunting,  trapping  and  fishing. 
The  above  cut  represents  them  ipearing  fiih 

I'owa  City  sits  the  first  in  state, 
Up  her  fair  stream  a  cypher  and  an  eight,     (80) 
From  the  state' limits  forty  miles  or  more, 
Is  Burlington,  on  Mississippi's  shore  ; 
And  north  of  this  is  Bloomington  espied. 
With  Davenport  upon  the  western  side  ; 
Ca-man'-che  next,  then  Bell'-vue  and  Dubuqe', 
Known  for  her  lead,  beside  this  giant  brook. 

Wisconsin. 

Between  two  lakes  holds  Madison  her  rule. 
And  of  the  Badger  State  is  capital. 
Beloit  and  Janesville  on  Rock  River  bide, 
As  Prai-rie-du-Chien  drinks  Mississippi's  tide  ; 
And  Mineral  Point  is  near  Potosi  bred  ; 
These  two  are  noted  for  their  mines  of  lead. 
Lake  Michigan,  She-boy'-a-gan  gazes  o'er, 
Milwaukee  next,  Ra-cine'  and  Southport  four. 
As  Wau-ke-sha'  we  from  Milwaukee  track, 
On  Winnebago  Lake  is  Fond  du  Lac', 
And  North  of  all,  where  the  Fox  River  sweeps. 
Upon  Green  Bay,  Green  Bay  her  station  keeps. 


Oregwtt. 

This  territoiy  lies  north  of  Califomi*,  and  between  (he  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  ia  noted  for  being  the  great 
Weatcm  division  of  the  United  States ;  aa  well  as  for  the  enonnous 
growth  of  its  pines,  which  are  sometimes  found  230  feet  high. 

'J'he  soil,  west  of  the  Cascade  Range,  is  represented  as  extremely 
productive. 

Oregon  City  stands  in  a  fertile  valley  near  the  fiillsof  Willaraelte 
river ;  it  contains  upwards  of  600  inhabitants. 

Aatoria  ia  near  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river. 


Iowa, 

The  Northwest  State  of  the  union. 
Noted  for  its  fertility  and  lead  mines. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  cast  by  the  Mississippi 
river,  which  separates  it  from  the  states  of  Illinois 
and  Wisconsin. 

The  soil  is  uncommonly  fertile ;  large  crops  of 
com,  oats,  wheat,  &c,  ate  raised  with  but  little 
labor. 

The  lead  mines  of  this  state,  with  thaae  of 
Wiscon-sin,  Illinois  and  Missouri,  iro  the  richest 
in  the  world. 

Iowa  Citt,  the  capital,  is  on  Iowa  river. 

Burlington  is  noted  as  being  favorably  situated 
for  trade. 

Dubuque  is  in  one  of  the  greatest  lead  districts 
in  the  world. 


Wiaconain. 

The  Badger  State.  Bounded  on  the 
east  by  Lake  Michigan,  on  the  west  by  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.  These  waters  give  it  great  facilities 
for  commerce. 

It  is  noted  for  its  valuable  lead  mines,  its  fertile 
soil,  beautiful  oak  openinga  and  numerous  fine 
prairies. 

The  southern  part  of  the  state  presents  one  of 
the  best  farming  districts  in  the  union, 

'Ilie  population  is  a  uiulti&rioua  mass  of 
Europeans  and  Americans.  The  former  are 
characterised  for  their  industry  and  temperate 
habits;  the  latter  for  superior  intelligence  and 
enterprise. 

Madison,  between  Third  and  Fourth  lakes,  is  the 
capital. 

Milwaukee,  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  is  noted 
for  its  rapid  aidvancements  in  wealth,  population  and 
imp— ance. 

California. 


Gold  Digging  in  California. 


This  country  wai  once  claimed  by  Mexico,  but 
was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  treaty,  in  1848.  It 
lies  between  the  Rooky  Mountains  on  the  east,  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west. 

It  is  noted  for  the  vast  quantity  of  gold  found  within 
its  borders.  The  gold  ii  dug  from  the  mountains  and 
rocks,  and  from  the  sand  in  the  beds  of  the  rivers. 


up  r| 

;f.li-il- 


28 


POETIOAT,    GEOGRAPHY. 


MEXICO    AND    GAUTAMALA. 


Mexico. 


The  City  of  Mexico. 

Mexico  i*  one  of  llie  oldest  cities  oit  the  Western  Coiiiiiient.  I'  is 
situated  seven  thousand  feel  ftbove  the  level  of  the  sea,  on  the  table  lands. 
Upon  the  ffouth  are  seen  some  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Cordilleras,  and 
among  them  Popocatapetl,  a  large  volcano  that  is  crowned  with  perpetual 

SHOW. 

And  Mexico,  high  on  the  table  lands, 
In  the  interior  of  the  province  stands, 
Above  the  sea  fUll  seven  thousand  feet. 
Adorned  with  temples  rich  and  structures  great. 
Fair  lakes  are  there,  arrayed  in  evergreen  ; 
High  mountain  peaks  upon  the  south  are  seen : 
There  Popocatapetl  smokes  all  below. 
From  its  high  summit,  covered  o'er  with  snow. 


The  City  of  Vera  Cms. 

Vera  Craa  it  noted  for  iu  Cavtie  of  San  Juan  D'UHoa,  one  of  stroni^st 
in  the  world,  and  which  eosi  S4O^.00O  to  build  it.  It  was  taken  by  the 
United  Slates'  army  under  Oen.  Scott,  during  the  late  Mexican  war,  but 
waa  nwtored  by  treaty. 

For  her  castle  famed,  from  Mexico  due  east, 
IsYe'-ra  Cruz,  three  hundred  miles,  at  least. 
Soutiiieast  from  Mexico,  full  eighty  miles. 
Famed  for  her  churches.  La  Pu-e-bla  smiles. 
•Oa-xa'-ca,  on  this  course,  two  hundred,  stands. 
Inhabited  by  numerous  Indian  bands  ; 
While  south,  one,  eighty,  Ac-a-pul'-co  keeps,  [180 
For  her  harbor  known  by  the  Pacific  deeps. 
In  the  interior,  Gua-na-xua'-to  shines,  [ffwa-7ia-wka-ta 
With  Zac-a-te'-cas  near  the  silver  mines. 


Mesdbo. 

Noted  for  its  mines  of  silver  and  gold, 
the  former  of  which,  have  fumiihed  more  than 
half  the  mlver  of  the  known  world. 

It  was  once  the  seat  of  a  powerful  empire,  over 
which  presided  a  nice  of  kings  termed  "  the 
Montezumas." 

It  was  invaded  and  conquered  by  Cortez,  a 
i^panish  adventurer,  in  1 62 1 ;  and  became  a 
province  of  Spain  tiil  1S21,  when  it  was  declared 
independent,  and  a  republican  form  of  govern- 
ment established. 


Santa  Anna. 


The  above  cut  represents  the  renowned  Mexican 
leader  in  the  war  with  the  United  States,  and  former 
president  of  the  Republic. 


•Wa-ha'-ea. 


Cainanche  Indian  on  Horseback. 


The  Camanche  Indians,  inhabiting  the  northern 
part  of  Mexico,  are  of  a  brave  and  hostile  character. 
Mounted  on  their  Swift  horses,  thev  roam  over  the 
vast  plains,  atucking  caravans  ana  every  tbinftthat 
will  aflord  them  liooty  and  plunder. 


I'WIWWWii^liillMBilJJWJMJB^^ 


msmm 


J8  of  silver  and  gold, 
lave  fumiihed  more  than 
nown  world. 

of  a  powerful  empire,  over 
e  of  king*  termed  "  the 

I  conqnered  by  Cortez,  a 
n  1 62 1  ;  and  became  a 
<l21,  when  it  was  declared 
publican  form  of  govern- 


m  Anna. 


nts  the  renowned  Mexican 
le  United  Slatoi,  and  former 

c. 


ian  on  Horaeback. 


ns,  inhabiting  tli«  northetn 
brave  and  hoalile  character. 
h()rses,  ibey  roam  over  the 
irnvnns  ana  every  Ihinif  that 
id  plunder. 


'  ..llwni^-.iilM»P.Ji 


T'.r" 


MEXICO    AND     GUATAMALA, 


29 


The  Pyramid  of  Cholula. 

The  Pyramidof  Cholulu,  in  mafrnitudc,  rivals  the  groat  E(ryptinn  Pyra- 
mid uf  Oizeli.  It  is  only  2S0  feet  hieh,  but.  its  length  nnd  brnadlh  nrc 
1335  feet,  while  the  J^yptian  Pyramid  is  only  72S  feet.  On  Us  lop  was 
a  temple  dedicated  to  the  sun.    It  was  built  of  uiiburiit  brick. 

Que-re'-ta-ro,  for  beauty,  has  renown  ;  [ka-ra-ta-ro 
As,  for  her  pyramid,  Cho-lu'-la  's  known.  [co-lu'-(a 

And  Mat'-a-mo-ras,  on  the  Ri-o  Grande,  [re-o-prand 
Just  o'er  the  stream  from  Texas,  takes  her  stand. 
Re-sa-ca  de-la  Palm'-a's  bloody  ground. 
With  Pa'-lo  Al'-to,  north  of  this  is  found. 
While  west  from  here,  twice  eighty  miles  away,    [160 
On  San  Fernando's  bank,  is  Monterey,  [mon-te-ra 

From  Monterey,  southwest,  behold  Saltillo, 
Near  Bue'-na  Vis'ta's  battle  field  her  pillow. 

From  Mat-a-mo'-ras,  south,  Tampico  smiles. 
Along  the  coast  two  hundred  and  eighty  miles. 
While  west  from  here,  San  Louis  Potosi,  [luepotosee' 
Upon  Tam-pi'-co  river  makes  her  stay,  [tam-pee-co 

Gnatamala. 

San  Salvador,  near  the  Pacific  coast. 
For  indigo  her  trade  is  noted  most ; 

Old  Guatamala,  once  a  splendid  city, 
Though  of  earthquakes  now  they  sing  a  mournful  ditty. 

New  Guatamala,  five-and -twenty  miles  [26 
From  the  old  town,  in  wealth  and  commerco  smiles. 

GuBtamala  is  a  land  of  volcanoes ;  upwards  of  twenty  volcanic 
peaks,  in  constant  activity  are  ucen  in  that  part  of  the  Cordilleras 
chain  which  is  circumscribed  within  the  territory  of  this  province. 
The  eruption  of  the  Volcano  of  CaHiguina,  in  1834,  was  one  of  the 
most  terribit!  and  sublime  upon  record.  'J'he  noise  was  heard  for 
more  tiian  a  thouiand  miles,  and  iLi  ashes  were  carried  more  than 
eight  hundred. 


PRONUNCIATION. 


Pensacola, 

Mobile, 

Sabine, 

Vera  Crux,  ■ 

Tampico,     - 

Resaca  de  la  Palma, 


Pm-sn-coo'-la. 
Mohul. 
8a-bttn>. 
Vera  Cruae. 
Tampe'-cn. 
Rt-saek'-a  dt-la 
Pabn-a. 


St.  Aiignstine, 

Natchitoches, 

Terre  lluute, 

Oaxaca, 

Monterey, 

Chihuahua, 


St  Angustfti'. 
Natli  i  tosh. 
Tart  Hole. 
Waha'-ca. 
Mon-le-raij. 
She-iemi'-uiau. 


La  Puebia  is  famous  for  its  heiiutiiul  churches. 

Oaxnca,  200  miles  S.  E.  of  the  city  of  Mexico, 
is  inhabited  by  b,indB  and  tribes  of  Indians. 

.Acapuico  is  noted  for  its  l)uautiful  harbor,  which 
is  the  most  capacious  in  the  world. 

Quanaxaco  and  Zacatccaa  are  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  silver  mines. 

Querataro  is  renowned  as  one  of  the  most 
beautiftil  towns  in  Mexico. 

Cholula  is  noted  for  its  wonderful  pyramid, 
made  of  unbumt  brick. 

Resaca  do  la  Palma,  Palto  Alto,  Monterey, 
and  Buena  Vista,  are  noted  for  victories  gained 
by  the  United  States'  aimy  under  Gen.  Taylor. 

The  gold  mines  of  Mexico  are  inferior  to 
those  of  Brazil,  Peru  and  Liberia ;  but  the  rich- 
ness of  its  silver  mines  is  without  a  parallel,  and 
have  produced  more  of  the  silver  coin  than  all 
the  rest  of  the  world  put  together.  They  arc 
mostly  found  in  the  vicinities  of  Guanaxuato  and 
Zacatecas. 

The  Mexican  Mint  is  capable  of  stamping  from 
76,000  to  $100,000  in  one  hour's  time.  It  is 
estimated  by  some  that  the  .vhole  amount  of 
money  coined  in  this  establishment  exceeds  three 
billions  of  dollars. 

Lower  California  is  a  narrow  peninsula  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  Mexico.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Upper  California,  on  the  east 
by  the  Gulf  of  California,  on  the  south  and  west 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  soil  is  of  a  sandy, 
dry  nature,  and  the  population  small 


Guatamala. 

Noted  for  numerous  volcanoes  and  fre- 
quent earthquakes,  and  for  remaritable  ruins 
found  within  its  borders. 

It  was  conquered  by  Spain  in  1624,  and  held 
as  a  Spanish  province  until  1821  ;  when  it  de> 
dared  itself  independent,  adopting  a  republican 
form  of  government. 

Sax  Salvauor,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a 
very  fertile  valley,  and  is  noted  for  its  extensive 
trade  in  indigo  and  tobacco. 

Old  Guatamals  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 
in  I77.'>.  It  has  sustained  seveiBl  shodcs  from 
the  Water  Volcano. 


Balixe  Sbttlkment. — This  settlement  was 
established  and  is  owned  by  the  British,  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  logwood  and  mahogany. 

It  extends  along  the  Bay  of  Honduras  160 
miles.  It  is  inhabited  by  negroes,  Indians  and  a 
few  whites. 

Balize,  the  capital,  is  a  small  town,  which 
exports  logwood  and  mahogany  to  the  anxnint 
of  f  1,500,000  annually. 


T7 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


Commerce  of  U>e  Amies,  carried  by  Mnles  bihI  Lamas. 


Noted  as  having  loftier  ranges  of  mountains,  larger  rivers,  a  greater  number  of 
volcanoes,  more  extensive  plains,  richer  mines  of  precious  minerals,  and  sublimer 
natural  scenery,  than  any  other  division  of  the  globe. 


Capes. 

Copt  Ve-la,  first,  by  Mar-a-cay'-bo  stands, 
Most  northern  point  of  New  Grenada's  lands ; 
Orange  and  North,  in  fifty  longitude, 
Above  the  line,  near  French  Guiana  brood. 
Five  south, /Jw  west  oitlurty.  Cape  St.  Boque,  [St.Roke 
Eastward  of  all,  in  Am-a-K/-ni-a  cloke. 
'Tween  twenty  and  the  line  called  Caprieom, 
St.  Thomas  and  Cape  Fri'-ar  both  are  bom. 
From  thirty-five  to  iaity,  as  we  go, 
Are  Corientea  and  St.  An-io'-ni-o. 

Cape  Horn,  near  fifty-six,  stands  by  his  post. 
On  "rtr-ra-del-Fu-e'-go's  southern  cosrt. 

And  St.  Fran-da'-co  and  Cape  Blanco  stay. 
On  the  western  coast  of  soutli  America. 


RiTers. 

The  Port  Dedre  and  Cam-a^a'-ne*  fall, 
With  B£-o  Ne'-gro,  in  the  Atlantic  hall. 

The  Col-o^af-do  rolls  her  purpling  billow, 
From  Buenos  Ayrcs,  with  the  dark  Saladilh. 
From  here,  Salado  and  Vernidii  throng, 
Where  Paraguay  drowns  Pikomayo's  song. 

PARAGUAY    AND    BRANCHES. 

Eaat  of  Bolivia,  west  of  Par-a-guay', 
In  An»-a-zo'-nia  bom,  bound  to  the  sea, 
O'er  Buen-os  Ayres,  her  rich  and  native  home. 
The  Paraguay'  «nd  her  dark  branches  come. 

Round  Paraguay,  both  south  and  east  descried, 
Rolls  Pa-ra-na',  and  empties  in  her  tide ; 
Springing  from  Am-a-w>-ni-a'B  province  wide. 

'Tween  Buenos  Ayres  and  fertile  Uraguay, 
Named  from  the  last,  a  river  makes  her  way ; 


SO 


And  Ura-guay  and  Paraguay,  are  found 
In  Ri'O  dela  Pla'-ta's  channel  bound. 

EASTERN    COAST    OF    BRAZIL. 

And  eastward  fix>m  the  Amazonian  coast. 
In  the  same  deeps,  the  Diamonds  a  waves  are  lost. 
The  St.  Franeuco  and  Salgada  there 
With  one  Parana' 4ha,  in  his  deeps  appear. 

AMAZON  AND  BRANCHES SOUTHERN. 

To-can'-Hna,  walled  with  Ar-a-guay',  rolls  on 
In  Pa-ra's  tide,  or  mouth  of  Amazon. 
Xiit'-gu,  To-pa'-jot  and  Jtfo-rfet-m  tread,  (ztn-fu) 
With  Pu'-roa,  in  the  Amazonian  bed. 
Be-nf,  Ma-m<f-re,  Blan'-co,  and  dark  Gtia^ore, 
Join  in  Madeira  firom  Bolivia's  shore. 
And  Tef-fe,  Ju'-rua,  and  the  Ju'-iay  run,  (taf'-fa) 
From  8ol-y-mas'  to  mother  Amazon. 
And  from  Peru,  northward  the  Ueayale, 
With  dark  Hual-la-go,  the  same  waters  hail.  {waUla'-go) 

NORTHERN    BRANCHES. 
Pa-tas'-ca  southward  from  E-qua'-dnr  ^oea, 
i  Aud  Na'-po  there  with  Pu-tu-may-o  flows : 
Yu-pu'-ra  too,  that  bounds  Equailor  north. 
With  JVigro,  from  Brazil,  here  marshal  forth. 

South  of  Equador,  coming  from  Peru, 
t^ueen  AnMzon  marks  AinaTonia  through. 

RIVERS    NORTH    OF    AMAZON. 

Ma^'-ni,  Su.ri.TMm',  and  Dtm-er-roHra,  (morroo'-ni) 
With  Es-ae-qui-bo,  from  Gui-an-a  hurry. 

From  Ven-e-7,ue'-la,  U-ro-iio-co's  rolleil ; 

A-pu.'-re  there,  a  northern  branch,  behold : 
Two  branches  more,  we  from  Gmi-a'da  gather. 
Mt'-ta  is  one,  Gua-m'-ri  is  the  other. 
And  from  Grenada,  where  Ca-rib'-bee  stornn, 
"The  Mag'-da-le'-na  rolls  with  Cau-ca  in  her  arms. 


f 


greater  number  of 
rals,  and  aublimer 


,  are  found 
bound. 

OF    BRAZIL. 

Eontan  coast, 
fs  wavefl  are  liwt 
( thc/e 
eeps  appear. 

[lES BOUTHKBN. 

a-guai/,  rolls  on 

nazon. 

TU  Ueai],  (zin-gu) 

in  bed. 

1  dark  Gua-pore, 

shore. 

t'-iay  run,  (taf'-fa) 

lazon. 

Ucayale, 

le  waters  hail,  {wal-la'-go) 

lANCHKS. 
-qua'-dnr  goei, 
nau-o  flows : 
jailor  north, 
marshal  forth, 
ora  Peru, 
lia  through. 

OF    AMAZON. 

Jem-er-rcHra,  {ma-mo'-m) 
i-a  hurry. 
■co's  rollcil ; 
anch,  behold : 
j!r(^ii-a'da  gather, 
other. 

ib'-bee  stormt, 
Dau-ca  in  her  arms. 


SOUTH    AMERICA, 


31 


TOWNS    AND    COUNTRIES. 


Brazil. 

Rio  Jan-ci'-ro,  in  a  country  fair, 
The  capital,  tlmt  breathes  Brazilian  air. 

And  Per-nam-bu'-co  lives  upon  that  shore, 
With  Mar-an-ham'  and  fair  St.  Salvador. 

And  Rio  Grande,  so  famous  for  its  hides, 
Where  over  Polos  Lake  the  trader  glides. 


Diamond  Washing  in  Brazil. 

■The  diamond  mine*  of  Brazil  are  th«  most  important  in  the  world 
They  ore  worked  by  the  government  The  cat  repreients  ihe  manner  in 
which  they  are  washei'  <rom  the  sand. 

TeJTico,  for  its  diamonds  bought  and  sold  ; 
And  Villa  Ri'-ca,  for  her  mines  of  Gold. 

Ctnlana. 

Georgetown,  the  English  capital,  may  tarry 
Along  the  mouth  of  river  Dem-er-ra'-ra. 

And  Par-ft-mar'-a-bo  as  Dutch  we  name, 
Full  eighteen  miles  up  the  hot  Surinam. 

Cayenne,  well  fortified,  is  east  of  all. 
Upon  an  island,  and  belongs  to  Gaul. 

Buenos  Ayres. 

And  Buenos  Ayres  is  on  la  Plata  found. 
The  chief  emporium  of  the  province  round  ; 

San  Ju'-an  with  Men-do'-za  let  us  class, 
Because  each  stands  upon  a  mountain  pass. 

Cor-do'-va  is  an  active  trading  town, 
And  Sal'-ta,  for  her  mtdes,  has  much  renown. 

Paraguay  and  Uruiruay. 

San  Car-los  and  Conception  make  their  stay, 
With  fair  As-sump'-tion,  on  the  Par-a-guay. 

In  Uruguay,  was  Mon-ti-vi'-de-o  bom, 
On  the  La  Plata  are  her  garments  worn. 


Brazil. 

Noted  as  being  the  largest  of  the  South 
American  provinces ;  for  rich  gold  and  diamond 
mines,  and  for  having  been  onco  governed  by  an 
European  sovereign  in  person. 

Its  area  is  recorded  as  high  as  three  millions 
of  square  miles. 

Brazil  was  a  colony  of  Portugal  till  1812,  when 
it  was  declarol  an  independent  state,  and  Pedro 
the  son  of  the  king  of  Portugal  was,  by  the 
people  of  Brazil,  made  Emperor.  The  popula- 
tion is  about  five  millions ;  the  greater  part  of 
which  are  negroes,  held  as  slaves.  The  com- 
merce is  greater  than  any  other  country  in  South 
America. 

Rio  Janeiro  is  the  most  populous  city  in  South 
AmRrica. 

Rio  Grande,  by  Lake  Polos,  carries  on  a  great  trade 
in  hides. 

Tfjnco  is  in  the  interior  of  the  diamond  district; 
and  Villa  Rica  of  Ihe  gold  distric*. 


Guiana. 

Noted  as  being  the  only  portion  of 
South  America  still  under  the  control  of  Euro, 
pean  powers. 

It  is  nearly  under  the  Equator ;  and  on  the 
Demerrara  river,  and  other  parts,  is  said  to  be 
unhealthy. 

It  is  claimed  by  Great  Britain,  France  and 
Holland. 

The  land  along  the  coast  is  level  and  extremely 
fertile. 

The  area  is  estimated  at  150,000  to  160,000 
square  miles. 

Gi'orjjelown.  the  capital  of  English  Guiana,  is  at  the 
mouth  of  Demerrara  river. 

Paramnrabo.  capital  of  Dutch  Guiana,  is  eighteen 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Surinam  river. 

Cayenne,  on  an  island  and  strongly  fortified,  beloncs 
to  France.  " 

Buenos  Ayres. 

Noted  for  its  vast  pampas  or  plains, 
that  feed  immense  herds  of  wild  cattle,  which  an 
taken  with  the  lasso  for  their  hides  and  tallow. 

BiKxiw  Atres,  the  capital  of  Buenos  Ayres.  or  Ihe 
Umlfd  Provinces,  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  of 
South  Amiricn.  It  is  situated  about  Sx)  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  Ihe  Rio  de  la  Plata;  it  is  well  built,  and 
has  n  large  share  of  commerce.  It  wag  founded  by 
the  Spaniards  as  early  as  1535. 

Paraguay  and  Uruguay. 

Noted  for  a  plant  called  matte,  or  Para- 
guay tea ;  which  is  used  in  several  countries  of 
South  America  in  place  of  the  China  herb. 

Uruguay  is  noted  as  the  smallest  of  the  South 
American  provinces. 


*wm 


■MUmHiWpiV  I 


33 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 


Earthquake  M  Caraccai. 

CjkBACCAJi  !■  eleTaled  amonc  the  Andea,  3,000  feel  above  the  level  of  the 
Ma.  It  vra»  deilroyed  in  1812,  by  one  of  the  most  awful  eart^iqiiaVej 
upon  record.  The  number  of  inhabitants  killed  i»  eMimaled  a«  high  an 
ten  Ihouaaod.    La  Guayra,  leven  mileB  distant,  ia  ils  port. 

Ca-rac'-cas  from  the  earthquake  scarce  survives, 
Of  eighteen-twelve,  that  cost  ten  thousand  lives  ; 
Three  thousand  feet  she  climbs  the  mount  to  heaven ; 
La  Guay'-ra  is  her  port,  miles  distant,  seven. 

There  Mar-a-cay'-bo,  to  her  lake  allied, 
With  Cu-ma-na',  that  smiles  above  the  tide. 

Mew  Grenada. 

Eight  thousand  feet  and  seven  hundred  more, 
Stands  Bo-go-ta',  o'er  New  Grenada's  shore  ; 
By  Bogota's  rough,  rolling  tide  her  state. 
Just  fifteen  miles  northeast  the  Cataract. 

From  Bogota',  southwest,  among  the  mountains, 
Proud  Po-pay-an'  hears  Caw'-ca'a  murmuring  fountains, 

Upon  the  northern  coast,  is  Carthagena, 
Where  roars  the  Charib  tide  and  Magdalena. 

As  Pan-a-ma'  along  the  south  we  follow. 
Upon  the  Isthmus,  north,  is  Porto  Bello. 

CtallL 

Val-div'-i-a  and  Conception,  Cuili  keeps  [OJue'-le 
Along  her  shores  by  the  Pacific  deeps  ; 

And  Val-pa-rai'-so  opes  her  harbor  wide — 
The  port  for  San-ti-a'-go  near  her  side. 

Co-quim'-bo  of  her  copper  mines  may  boast ; 
As  Huas'-co,  for  her  silver  's  valued  most. 

BaimAOO,  the  capital,  is  on  an  exlensire  plain,  fifty  miles  from  sea. 
Valparaiso  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  the  port  for  Santiago. 


Venezuela. 

Noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Bolivar,  and 
for  its  llannas  or  plains,  lliat  support  large  herds 
of  wild  cattle;  the  tallow  and  hides  of  which 
form  the  chief  article*  of  export.  It  has  an  area 
of  over  400,000  square  miles. 

This  province  is  watered  by  the  Oronoco  and 
ite  branches,  'ibis  great  river  is  auhjcct  to  inun- 
dations, which  render  its  shores  uninhabitable,  but 
like  the  Nile  of  Egypt,  deposits  a  richness  and 
fertilizing  quality  to  the  soil. 

New  Grenada 

Noted  as  embracing  the  Isthmus  of  Da- 
rien,  and  as  lying  upon  two  ^oceans.  It  has  an 
area  of  460,000  square  miles.  This  is  the  most 
northern  part  of  South  .\merica,  ami  contains 
some  of  its  sublimest  features.  The  great  though 
natural  Bridge  of  Icononza  extends  across  a 
crevice  or  chasm  between  two  perpendicular  walls 
of  rock,  at  the  bottom  of  which  flows  the  torrent 
of  Summa  Par..  The  arch  is  360  feet  above  the 
water,  and  the  effiict  produced  by  looking  down 
iasaid  to  be  painful. 

BoooTV  or  Sania  Fe  de  Bogota,  8,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  Is  the  capital. 


The  falls  of  Tequendema,  m  the  river  Bogota.  fiAeen 
miles  from  Sanla  Fe  de  Bogota,  are  among  the  sub- 
limeit  in  the  world.  The  River  Bogota  rises  9000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  ses^  and  makes  its  way  over 
precipices  and  through  frightful  ravines  until  it  comes 
to  the  steep  of  Teqnrndema,  and  then  plunges  600 
feet  into  a  oeep  and  awful  chasm. 

CbilL 

Noted  for  ite  delightful  climate,  and  for 
the  Aricaimians,  a  race  of  the  bravest  Indians 
on  the  continent;  who  have  never  been  con- 
quered. Also  for  being  more  thickly  settled  than 
any  other  portion  of  South  America. 

It  is  boimded  on  the  north  by  tlie  Uesert  of 
Atncama ;  on  the  east  liy  the  Andes ;  south  by 
Patagonia,  and  west  by  0ie  Pacific.  Its  length  is 
over  1,300  miles,  and  average  width  about  150. 


iznela. 

iplacQ  of  Bolivar,  and 
that  Hupport  large  herds 
low  and  hides  of  which 
if  export.  It  has  an  area 
mileR. 

Bred  by  the  Oronoco  and 
M  river  iH  subject  to  iniin- 
i  shores  uninhabitable,  but 
,  deposits  a  richness  and 
!  soil. 

3renad(L 

ng  the  Isthmus  of  Da- 
1  two  oceans.  It  has  an 
I  miles'  This  is  the  most 
h  .\merica,  and  contains 
iatures.  The  great  though 
ononza  extends  acrons  a 
en  two  perpendicular  wails 
of  which  flows  the  torrent 
arch  is  360  feet  above  the 
reduced  by  looking  down 

:  Bogota,  B,000  feet  above  the 

ipitaT. 


Tequendema. 


ma,  i»  the  river  Bogota,  fifteen 
.  Bogota,  are  amonK  the  sub- 
le  lover  Bogota  rises  9000  feet 
■ea,  and  makes  its  way  over 
rrigfalful  ravines  until  it  come* 
idema,  and  then  plunges  600 
'All  chasm. 

ChllL 

lightful  climate,  and  for 
ice  of  the  bravest  Indians 
vho  have  never  been  con- 
iig  more  thickly  settled  than 
South  America, 
the  north  by  the  Desert  of 
i8t  by  the  Andes;  south  by 
by  the  Pacific.  Its  length  is 
i  average  width  about  150. 


i«ii'iimi'i|i iwyiwi^^yiii^p— 


lOUTH    AMERICA. 


33 


Peru. 

Stiven  miles  from  sen,  upon  a  river,  narrow, 
Lima,  f:iir  city,  -sUinds — fjuned  for  Pizarro ; 
Her  port,  Cul-la'-o,  b<?am.s  abovo  (he  tide; 
Famed  for  its  harbor,  and  well  fortified. 

Cuzpo,  where  once  the  Incas  held  the  throne, 
Now  noted  for  its  Temple  of  the  Sun, 
From  Lima,  stand.s  five,  fifty  miles,  southeast,  [660 
And  in  the  interior  of  the  province  placed. 

'Tween  this  and  Lima,  on  the  Lima  roiid, 
Gu-an'-ca  Vel'-i-ca  makes  her  abode. 
Near  fourteen  thousand  feet  hiyh  o'er  th((  field. 
Sublime  slie  sits  ;  her  mines  quicksilver  yield. 


Peru. 


The  ladies  of  Lima 
are  distinj(ulslied  lor 
beauty,  viviicily,  co- 
queiry.  love  of  drrs», 
and  Rclmiretion.  In 
wulkiii)(  abroad  th*y 
invest  ihcmselves  in 
n  cloak  called  the 
mania,  which  hides 
Ihrir  face  from  view, 
so  UiHt  ihcy  are  cna- 
hlrd  lo  pass  among 
ihcir  most  iiiiimale 
friends  without  being 
recognised. 


fnterioi  of  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at  Cuzco. 


Ladies  of  Ijinia. 

Peru  was  in- 
vaded by  Francis 
Pizarro,  a  Spanish 
adventurer,  in  the 
year  lli3l.  He 
made  the  inea,  or 
Peruvinii  king,  hi.s 
prisoner;  who  of- 
fered for  his  frec- 
(loiii,  as  much  gold 
us  would  nil  a  large 
room  ill  his  palace, 
piled  as  high  as  hu 
<'ould  reach;  which 
was  no  sooner  de- 
livered than  the 
blood  thirsty  Pizar- 
ro condemned  the 
innocent  king  to  a 
cruel  death. 

At  the  time  of 
Pizarro's  invaaioii, 
the  Peruviana  were 
lire  worshipers. 

The  empire,  ac- 
cording t«UMir  tra- 
dition, was  fumiided 
by  .Manco  Oteptc, 
ill  the  10th  or  1  Itli 
century;  whoso  first 
appciimnco  was  on 
a  ^:n:lll  island  in 
Jinke  Titticaca.  He 
avinve<l  himself  and 
will'  to  be  chiUrcn 
of  the  sun,  sent 
down  to  enlighten 
and  civilize  the  na- 
tionx.  He  taught 
the  men  agriculture 
imd  other  useful 
arts,  whilst  his  wife ' 
instructed  the  wo- 
men in  thinning, 
weaving  and  other 
domestic  alBaa. 


19 


34 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 


Peru  is  notwl  for  ita  rich  minon  of  gold  nnil  nilvor ;  and  for  having 
been  the  arnt  of  one  of  the  rnnut  rivilizcd  imtionR  in  Sonth  America. 
It  is  hounded  on  the  north  by  Bqiindor;  ea»t  by  Urazit;  south  by 
Dotivia;  we«t  and  aouthwoiit  by  the  Atlantic,  'I'he  area  i»  reck- 
oned at  500,000  Hquare  niilcit.  Ruin  seldom  or  neter  fallii  on  the 
coast  of  Peru,  aoulh  of  ('ape  Blanco.  The  earth,  from  June  to 
November,  i«  wet  with  heavy  dewn  and  fuj^j.  Cinchona  or  Peru- 
vian bark,  *o  valuable  in  medicine,  ia  obtained  from  thii  country. 

The  coaat  of  Peru  i»  unfavorable  to  iiavi(;ation,  and  with  the 
exception  of  ('allao,  has  no  good  hnrl>ors.  'ITie  surf  arKl  breakers 
are  so  tremendona  that  no  ordinary  l)o«ts  can  latid,  or  reach  the 
shore.  To  remedy  this  the  natives  inflate  with  air  large  bags, 
made  of  skins ;  of  which  a  sort  of  raft  is  constructed,  called  the 
batta  \  with  this  they  are  enabled  to  load  and  unload  vesaels. 

Equador. 


Quito  and  the  Anilcf. 


Quito  is  celplirnlcil  in  Oroprnphy  for  it.«  TOMIroe  elevntinn.  and  iinpar- 
nlleleil  itiid  iincqimli'-d  serenity  of  c>linale.  It  is  »ilua1ed  iiinniis  ihe  An- 
lion,  0000  feel  nliovc  the  Ifivel  oi"  the  sea;  anti  though  under  the  i-i;imtor, 
hn»  ail  atmosphere  franghl  with  eternal  April, 

Qui-to  is  soatc  I  on  her  nieuntai  .  throne, 
Nine  thousand  feet,  and  in  a  burning  zone ; 
Perpetual  spring  around  those  Bummits  keep. 
And  pure  the  zephyr  in  its  gentle  sweep. 

And  Guayaquil,  chief  seaport  of  Equador, 
From  this  is  south,  where  goes  full  many  a  trader. 

Bolivia. 

La  Plata,  in  Bo-liv'-i-a,  we  see, 
Much  noted  for  its  splendid  scenery. 
As  Po-to-si'  is  known  for  her  silver  mines,  [po-to-see 
La  Paz',  from  Potosi,  northwestward  shines. 

La  Plata,  or  Chuquisaca,  the  capital  of  Bolivia,  is  notcil  for 
the  splendid  scenery  found  in  its  vicinity. 

Patasdnia  is  noted  as  being  the  coldest  and  moat  southern 
portion  of  South  America;  also  for  the  gigantic  stature  of  tite 
Indians  that  inhabit  it.  It  is  boundeil  on  the  north  by  Buenos 
Ayrea ;  east  by  the  .Atlantic ;  south  by  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  and 
west  by  the  Pacific.    Itfl  area  is  estimated  at  :)UO,000  square  miles. 

The  natives  of  this  country  are  probably  the  tallest  ami  moat 
gigantic  in  the  world ;  their  average  hight  being  six  feet  and  a  half, 

PRONUNCIATION. 


Lima,  the  capital  of  Peru,  is  situated  in  a  rich 
vale,  watered  liy  the  Rimac.  It  is  celebrated 
mostly  for  its  founder,  Francis  Priarro.  The 
streets  are  wide  nnd  regular.  '  In  the  middle  of 
the  town  in  the  Greui  Hquare,  one  of  the  largest 
and  tinrirt  in  America;  in  the  middle  of  which  is 
a  large  fountain  having  a  bronze  statue  of  Fame 
in  the  ccrifer. 

CuJico,  fi.")')  miles  soutlieast  of  Lima,  is  noted 
na  having  liceii  the  capital  of  the  Incag,  or  J'eru- 
viiin  kings ;  aivl  also  for  containing  the  reniuins 
of  n  ningnilicent  temple  of  the  Sun,  the  interior 
view  of  which  is  given  on  the  foregoing  jmge. 

GtiancB  VeHcB,  between  Curco  and  Lima,  has 

the  highest  elevation  of  any  town  on  the  globe, 

excepting  Potosi,  which  is  probuiily  as  high.     It* 

i  mines  of  quicksilver  were  once  murces  oi"  great 

wealth. 

Bquador. 

Noted  as  lying  under  tho  equator,  nnd 
for  containing  some  of  the  lottiest  peaks  of  the 
Andea.  It  is  di\ided  into  three  parts ;  Equador, 
Guayaquil  and  Assuay, 

Equador  fxjnaists  of  table  lands.  The  climate 
is  the  finest  in  the  world  and  resembles  spring, 
the  year  round.   It  is  called  the  Evergreen  t^uitn. 


Buenos  Ayres,  Bwd-not  Ayre$. 
Quito,    -    -      Kt4o. 
Lima,   ,-    -      he'-ma. 


Guyaqnii,      Gau-a-keel. 
Rio  Janeiro,  Rio  Jnn-e'-ro. 
Cuiaba,        Ki-a'-ba. 


Bolivia. 

Named  in  honor  of  General  Bolivar,  the 
liberator  of  most  of  South  America.  Noted  for 
contiiining  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Andea;  also 
for  the  cdebrattd  mines  of  PotosL 

Its  area  is  estimated  at  400,000  square  miles. 
It  iit  rough  and  mountainuna. 

Sorato,  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes,  towers 
aloft  to  the  highth  of  S5,380  feet,  or  nearly  five 
milea  high.  Illimani,  the  second  highest  peak  of 
the  Wealem  Continent,  is  !M,350  feet. 


The  Condor  Is  the  largest 
bird  of  the  air ;  and  meaxare*, 
when  its  wings  areexteiided, 
sixlnen  feet.  It  soars  aloft 
above  llie  highest  peak;  of 
the  Andes,  and  descends  lo 
the  vales  only  in  puiniit  of 
prey. 

The  Condor. 

I  Potosi,  elevated  1 3,265  feet  above  the  level  of 
;  the  sea,  is  celebrated  for  its  rich  silver  mines. 
I  The  city  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Mount 
I  Cerro  de  Potosi,  that  cont.->ins  the  precious  metal. 
1  Tliey  were  first  discovere<i  by  an  Indian,  who, 
i  pursuing  a  lama  up  the  declivity,  caught  hold  of  a 
!  bush,  which  being  torn  up  by  the  roots,  revealed  a 
i  solkl  mass  of  silver. 
j      The  produce  of  these  mines  from    1656  to 

1800,  amounted  to  83.'),950,508  Spanish  doUars. 
lia  Paz,  northwest  of  Potosi,  is  the  principal 

town  of  Bolivia.  The  lofty  summits  of  Sorato 
!  and  Illimani,  are  seen  from  tliis  place  crowned 
I  with  eternal  anow. 


'  .»"Mli!i)ij 


Pent,  iH  mtiiated  in  a  rich 
Rimac.  It  i*  rrlchratnl 
T,  Finnrw  Pkarro.  The 
CRnlar.  '  In  the  middle  of 
!S()uiire,  one  of  tlie  iHrgmt 
;  in  tile  middle  of  vrliirh  in 
5  a  hronzp  itatiio  of  Fume 

Dutlimnt  of  Limn,  in  noted 
pital  of  the  Incan,  or  I'eru- 
or  containing  tho  rcn)uins 
lie  of  the  Sun,  the  interior 
1  on  (he  forej^oini^  |>nge. 
ifeen  Cu7jco  nnd  I.iina,  hsf 
){  any  town  on  the  glohe, 
h  ii<  probuli'y  an  high.  Itf 
vcre  once  vourcra  of  great 


uador. 

inder  the  equator,  pnd 
if  tho  lotticHt  peaks  of  the 
into  three  partn;  Equador, 

■  table  Inndii.  The  dimste 
wid  and  recemblcs  spring, 
called  the  Evergreen  Quito. 

Olivia. 

of  General  Bolivar,  the 
louth  America.    Noted  for 

peaks  of  the  Andes ;  also 
ea  of  PotosL 

I  at  400,000  sqoare  miles, 
ainons. 

peak  of  the  Andes,  towers 
f  56,380  feet,  or  nearly  five 
the  second  highest  peak  of 
nt,  is  24,350  feet. 


■vaapi^ 


The  Condor. 
,265  feet  above  the  level  of 
for  its  rich  silver  mines, 
m  the  west  side  of  Mount 
contirins  the  precious  metal. 
:overeti  by  an  Indian,  who, 
le  declivity,  caught  bold  of  a 
n  up  by  the  roots,  revealed  a 

these  mines  from  I6S8  to 
3»,950,.'i08  Spanish  dollars. 
.  of  Potosi,  u  the  principal 
he  lofty  summits  di  Sorato 
n  from  this  place  crowned 


E   U  R  0  r  E  . 


Europe  is  noted 
as  the  smallest,  but 
wealthiest,  most 
thickly    populated, 


and  most  powerful  I 
and  enlightened  of 
the    general    divi- 
Biona  of  the  globe. 


Capes. 

Far  to  the  north,  where  roars  the  Arctic  Sea, 
In  seventy-one,  (71)  Niirth  Cape  is  known  to  lay. 

The  Naze  of  Norway,  imd  La  Hague  of  Prance, 
One  south,  one  north,  atmve  the  waves  advance. 
To  the  north  of  Spain  Cape  Or'-h-gal  may  fare, 
While  north  and  westward,  stands  Cape  Fin-U-terre'. 

SouthweHt  of  all,  St.  Vincent,  shines  a&r. 
As  near  Gibraltar,  stands  Cape  Traf-al-gar, 

And  Ga'-ta  south,  Pa'-io»  southeast  of  Spain, 
While  on  the  east,  St.  Martin  finds  a  reign. 

South  of  Sar-din'-i-a,  Spar-ti-ven'-to  peers. 
While  north  of  Corsica,  Cape  Cur-»o  rean. 

And  Italy  bids  her  !^>ar4i-ven-to  smile. 
As  Passo  's  south  of  Sicily's  fair  isle; 

And  south  of  Greece  Cape  Mat-a-pan'  behold. 
When  but  of  all,  St.  An-ge-lo  's  enrolled. 


Rivers. 

RIVERS    OF   IRELAND. 

From  E-rin  northward  runs  the  Rner  Foyle, 
With  River  Batm,  whose  flashing  waters  IkIiI  ; 

In  Grenrge's  Channel,  eastward  rolls  the  Hot/ne,  [boiii 
Where  Ltf-fey  pours  and  Slaney'a  billows  sljine ; 

Southward,  in  seven  west,  behold  the  Bar-rmv ; 
Blaekwater  then,  and  Lee,  in  channels  narrow. 

From  Allen,  Rec,  and  Ucrg — three  sylvan  lakes, 
Southwesterly  her  waves  the  Shmi-nnn  takes. 

RIVEHS    OF   SCOTLAND. 

From  Scotland,  to  the  North  Sea,  runs  the  Tieetd, 
'Tween  ifcot  and  Englishman  she  finds  a  bed ; 
Then  comes  the  Forth,  the  Tay.  and  flashing  Dee, 
Still  further  north,  with  Don  and  rolling  Spay. 

As  southward,  on  her  western  coast  we  roam, 
The  Clyde  first  greets  us,  then  the  Ayr  and  Doon  ,- 


The  Dee  and  Nith  with  An-nan  southward  pass, 
With  Eiik  and  Lid'dell,  bound  to  Solway  Frith. 

RIVERS    OF   ENGLAND. 

The  7^ne  and  Tee*  come  first  then  with  the  Number, 
(hise,  Air  and  7re7i/,  branches  just  three  in  number  ; 
These  with  the  ThutntK,  from  Britain's  eastern  coast. 
Are  hurrie<l  on,  and  in  the  North  Sea  lost. 
To  the  British  Channel  westwanl  rolls  the  Severn, 
.Ka  Mersey  to  St.  George's  Strait  is  driven. 

OF   PORTUGAL    AND    SPAIN. 

Northwanl  of  all,  upon  the  Spanish  shore. 
The  Min'.htfi  waters  to  the  .\tlantic  pour ; 
And  here  the  Due'-ro  and  the  Taquii  drain. 
With  Ouar-(li-an-a,  Portugal  and  Spain ; 
Hero  Gua-</at-</uiv'-er  .\n.da.lu-Ria  sends, 
And  Ebro  in  the  Mediterranean  ends. 

OF    FRANCE. 

Ga-ronne'  and  Loire,  in  Biscay's  Bay  are  thrown. 
And  the  Gulf  of  Lyons  drinks  the  flashing  Rhone, 

The  English  Cbaimel  swallows  up  the  Seine, 
That  runs  from  France  where  Paris  hoMs  her  reign. 

RHINE   AND    BRANCHES. 

The  R/iitie  from  Switzerland  mokes  her  first  advance. 
Then  northward  turns — kissing  the  shores  of  France ; 
In  (.lermany  and  Holland  then  she's  seen. 
Taking  from  Germany  Mo-idle'  nnd  Mayne  ,•      [main] 
From  Holland,  Meube,  that  moistens  Belgium's  earth, 
Comiug  firom  France — the  province  of  its  birth. 

Tho  Eni.s,  the  Wfwr  and  the  Elbe  are  hurried 
O'er  (iemian  shores,  and  in  tho  North  Sea  buried. 

OF   RUSSIA    AND   PRUSSIA, 
From  Prussia  to  the  Baltic,  0-der  glides. 

As  War-tha  river  in  her  channel  hides. 
Mx-tu-la  there,  with  Neimen's  waters  tread. 

By  Prussia  nurtured  and  by  Russia  fed. 


36 


;  i 


r 


36 


POETICAL    OEOORAPHY 


I 


or   LAPLAND    AND    8WKDKN. 

Frum  Laplani],  Au'-nU  kcIu  the  Uollinia'i  roar ; 
Where  Ttir'-ne-a,  Cii-lix  anil  Lul-U'-a  iihower, 
With  River  Dal,  from  Sweden'*  wintry  shore. 

or  RceaiA. 

Du-na  from  Rnaiia  on  to  RiRa  »torm«, 
La-do' -ga  Lake  to  Finland,  Ne-va  turn*. 

Onei-ga,  Dwi-na,  and  the  Mtx-en  iwee-,), 
O'er  Ruaiia'a  ahorea  into  the  White  Sea  deep. 
From  the  aame  flelds,  with  all  her  ice  in  motion, 
Pet-eho'.ra  runs  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

YoLga  and  U-ral  seek  the  Caspian  Sea ; 
The  last  is  Europe's  eastern  boundary. 

And  Kuban's  waves,  the  Black  Sea's  waters  greet, 
As  Don  and  Donee,  near  the  Vxof  meet 

And  Dneiper,Bog  and  Dneuter,  all  are  lain  [neuter 
From  Russia,  to  the  Black  Sea's  raging  iimin. 


or   NORWAT. 

The  nhm-ma  rolls  her  down  the  Norway  coast, 
.\nd  in  the  Strait  of  Cat-te-gat  is  lost. 

DANI;BK    AND    BRANCHES. 

Here  Dtm-ithe  comen,  the  tide  that  Swiss  and  German, 
And  Austrian  and  Turk,  all  hold  as  common. 

A  northern  branch  the  River  Priilh  is  seen, 
The  boundary  line  'tween  Russ  and  Ottoman. 

RIVKHS     KMPTYINO     INTO     THE     ARCHIPELAGO, 
ADRIATIC   AND    MKDITKRBANEAN. 

Vardur  and  Struma  with  Mitritsa  go 
From  Turkey  to  the  Archi|ielago ; 

Niirema  weatward  with  the  rolling  Drin, 
Foamit  where  the  Adriatic  watem  grin. 

From  Italy  here  comes  the  ri»er  Po  ,• 
While  wrrtwnrd,  Arrio  and  the  Tiber  flow 
In  Mediterrani'un,  with  the  Vol-tur-no' . 


TOWNS    AND    COUNTRIES, 
BrltlHh   Empire. 


with  the  exception  of  Cliina,  the  most  populous  empire  on  tlie  globe, 
nd,  and  Scotland,  with  the  principality  of  Wales,  Gibraltar  and  the  Is'.and  of  Malta, 
1  and  the  Island  of  Ceylon ;  Sierra  Leone,  and  sevcrnl  forts  in  Guinea,  the  Cape  of 


The  most  powerful,  and 

It  embraces  England,  Ireland, 

the  greater  part  of  Hindoostan  and  the  Island  of  Cey  It.. ,     . —  -|    r 

Good  Hope,  St.  Helena  and  Mauritius,  British  America  and  Honiliir.is,  Jnmnica,  Barbadoos,  Trinidad  and  several  of 
the  West  Imlia  Islands,  English  Guiana,  Australia,  Van  Dieman's  Lund,  iN'ew  Zealand  and  other  islands  in  different 
parts  of  the  world. 

The  population  of  the  whole  is  ertimiited  at  160,000,000,  or  eight  times  that  of  the  United  Stales. 

Her  great  power  and  bulwark  is  her  vast  navy,  that  onco  oulnumlx-rcd  the  combined  navies  of  the  world. 

Her  commerce  is  greater  than  any  other  nation.     The  nicrrhar.t  veBsels  are  upwards  of  27,000  in  number;  of 
the  burden  of  3,050,000  tons.    These  are  navigated  by  180,000  seamen. 


England. 


Windsor  Castle. 
Winrtsor  Castls,  on  the  Thsmes,  is  one  of  the  royal  residences 
the  Queen.    It  was  bnilt  by  William  the  Coiiqaeror. 

On  England's  shores,  London  is  first  surveyed, 
The  queen  of  towns  in  commerce,  arts  and  trade. 

And  Liverpool  upon  the  Mersey  lay. 
The  port' for  Ireland  and  America. 
Manchester,  east  of  Liverpool  we  ent«r. 
Of  cotton  manufacturing  'tis  the  center. 


of 


Bngland. 

The  southern  part  of  Great  Briuin;  the 
seat  of  the  British  Empire ;  and  noted  as  the  most 
important  state  in  Europe,  and  as  exerting  the  great- 
est influence  upon  the  destinies  of  the  civilized  and 
uncivilized  world. 

England  abounds  in  beautiful  and  interesting  scene- 
ry. Its  agriculture  is  superior  to  that  of  any  coun- 
try of  Europe.  It  is  the  most  extensive  manufactur- 
ing country  in  the  worid.  In  no  part  of  the  world 
is  wealth  more  unequally  distributed.  The  govern- 
ment is  a  limited  hereditary  monarchy. 

The  national  debt  is  $4,000,000,000 ;  the  interest 
of  which  is  $160,000,000  annually,  or  siic  times  as 
much  as  the  whole  expenditures  or  the  United  States' 
govern  monL 

Wales. 

A  rough,  rugged,  and  mountainous  country, 
west  of  England ;  noted  for  its  mines  of  lead,  iron, 
copper,  and  coal,  and  as  giving  the  title  of  "  Prince 
of  Wales"  to  the  English  sovereign's  eldest  son. 

Lo:<oox,  the  capital,  on  the  Thames,  60  miles 
from  ito  mouth,  is  the  largest  city  on  the  face  of 
the  globe  both  in  extent  and  population.  It  covers 
about  26  square  miles  in  area.    Among  its  public 


irAT. 

yvrn  the  Norway  co««t, 
(at  M  ItMrt. 

URANCHKH. 

tide  that  Huiss  anil  German, 
hol<l  a»  i'uniitx>n. 
'ver  Priilh  n  seen, 
luM  and  ( )ttnman. 

THE     ARCHIPELAGO, 
EDITERRANEAN. 

I  Mtiriua  gu 

elago; 

he  rollinK  Drin, 

raten  grin. 

e  riTer  I'o  / 

the  Tiber  flow 

Vol-tur-no. 


npire  on  the  globe. 
•  and  tho  Inland  of  Malta, 
>rt«  in  Ouinen,  the  Cape  of 
loos,  Trinidad  and  aeveral  of 
nd  other  islands  in  different 

iiite<l  Stiiles. 

ivies  of  the  world. 

a  of  37,000  in  number;  of 


Sland. 

t  of  Great  Briuin;  the 
tire ;  and  noted  aa  the  moat 
e,  and  as  exerting  tho  great- 
teatiniea  of  the  civilii^  and 

3autiful  and  interesting  aecne- 
upcrior  to  that  of  any  coun- 
3  moat  extensive  manufactur- 
I.  In  no  part  of  the  world 
ly  distributed.  The  govcm- 
lary  monarchy. 
1(4,000,000,000 ;  the  interest 
(00  annually,  or  six  times  as 
nditurea  or  the  United  Statet*' 

Talea, 

nd  mountainouB  country, 
1  for  its  mines  of  lead,  iron, 
I  giving  tho  title  of  "  Prince 
sh  sovereign's  eidost  son. 

,  on  the  Thames,  60  miles 

largest  city  on  the  face  of 

t  and  population.    It  covers 

in  area.     Among  its  public 


»l»l"«»^«"»WI»>PII" 


"mmfimmrmmi^timfr' 


EURO  PE. 


37 


For  woolen  factories,  Leeds  first  is  classed, 

Aa  Birmingham  for  hardware  '.s  unsurpassed. 

Sheffield,  for  cutlery  may  wear  the  crown, 

For  stockings,  Nottingham  and  Leicester's  known. 

For  watches  Coventry  is  famed  the  while  ; 

Swan-sea,  for  copper  works  comes  in  the  file. 

Bristol  is  noted  for  her  wells  so  hot ; 

As  Hull,  upon  the  Humber  finds  a  spot. 

Portsmouth  is  found  upon  tho  southern  coast. 

With  Plymouth,  for  her  sea  wall  noti'd  most. 

Wind.sor  and  Warwick,  for  their  ca.«tles  nimud  ; 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  for  their  schools  fur  fumed; 
Scar'-bo-rough,  Bright' -on,  Cheltenham,  and  Bath  ; 
Chief  watering  places,  all  beneath  my  path. 

Scotland. 

Throned  on  her  hills,  for  science  first  in  place, 
Is  Edinburgh,  Scotia's  metropolis, 
Ltith  is  her  port,  beside  the  Forth  we  learn, 
Upon  whose  shores  is  the  famed  Bannockburn. 
Proud  Stirling  here  displays  her  warlike  dress. 
As  north  on  Murray's  banks  is  In-ver-ness'. 

Fair  Ab-er-deen,  between  the  Dee  and  Don, 
For  building  ships  has  gathered  much  renown. 

Glasgow  is  found  upon  the  River  Clyde  ; 
Greenock,  her  port,  is  twenty  down  the  tide. 

Ptdsley  from  Glasgow,  west  miles  eight  or  nine, 
Is  noted  for  its  cotton  goods  so  fine. 

On  Scotia's  eastern  shore,  behold  Dundee', 
Spinning  her  canvas  on  the  banks  of  Toy. 

Known  as  the  abode  of  Scotia's  ancient  kings, 
Perth  on  the  Tay,  linen  and  cotton  spins. 

Ireland. 

Seven  miles  is  Dublin  from  the  Irish  Sea, 
On  Lvfey's  banks,  she  rules  o'er  bond  and  free. 

Gal'-way  is  west,  as  Cork  is  to  the  south. 
While  Limerick  lives  far  up  the  Shannon's  mouth. 

Belfast  north-east  may  at  her  linen  toil ; 
As  Londonderry  lives  upon  the  Foyle. 

Spain. 

Madrid,  the  capital,  on  table-lands, 
In  the  interior  of  the  kingdom  stands. 

Fair  Barcelona  smiles  above  the  sea ; 
In  manufactures  and  in  commerce  free. 


buildings,  ire  8t  Paul's  Church,  the  Tower,  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  Bank  of  F^ngland. 

'l"he  bridges  of  I.unduii,  are  works  of  great  labor 
and  expense. 

The  Tunnel,  under  the  Thames,  is  one  of  the 
great  arhievenH3ntM  of  art. 

fSlielHold  hiis  tlic  most  noted  cutlery  in  the  world. 
Briiitol  is  noted  for  hot  springs. 

Plymouth  i»  nnted  fur  its  immense  breakwater, 
that  cOMt  $.'),00O,000. 

Scotland. 

North  of  England,  separated  by  the  Gram- 
plan  Hills  into  two  parts  ;  North  «nd  South,  or  the 
Highland!)  and  tho  Lowlands. 

It  ahounilH  in  wild  and  sublime  scenery. 

Tho  Hinhlands  arc  mountainous,  the  Lowlands 
more  level,  and  Iwlter  adapted  to  tillage. 

The  Highlanders  are  brave,  hospitable  and  inde- 
pendent, and  possess  a  rude  and  lawless  kind  of 
character. 

EiiiNHURiMi  is  the  capital. 

Leith  is  the  port  of  Edinburgh. 

Bunnncklium,  on  the  Forth,  is  noted  for  the 
victory  of  Bruce  over  the  army  oi"  Edward  II,  of 
England. 

Stirling,  on  the  same  river,  is  a  strongly  fortified 
town. 

Dundee,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Scotland,  on  the 
River  Tay,  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  canvas. 

Xfeland. 

Ireland,  called  the  "Emerald  Isle,"  "Green 
Erin."  \  large  island  west  of  England.  The 
native  land  of  the  Iriuh. 

The  surface  is  uneven,  but  not  mountainous. 
Bogs  and  marshes  cover  one  tenth  of  its  surface. 
The  peat  bogs  supply  the  fuel. 

TJarlcy,  oats,  wheat,  Pax.  &c.,  are  extensively 
raised. 

Potatoes  constitute  '.Ue  chief  product,  and  before 
the  potato  rot  of  late,  ftrnied  the  principal  food  for 
the  poor.  Ireland  ln«  U«n  jorcly  oppressed  by 
ita  English  rulers  for  oei\tuiit>i  p^ut. 

The  Irish  are  quick  vitted,  sanguine,  warnt- 
hearted  and  hospitable,  but  jtrodigal  and  paisioruite. 

Four-iiflhg  arc  Catholics,  i.nd  llie  reinauder  Ihet- 
estants. 

For  a  few  years  past,  Ireland  has  been  in  a  starv- 
ing and  deplorable  condition,  from  the  failure  of  her 
crops. 

DuuLrN,  the  capital,  is  on  the  Lifiey,  aev«n 
miles  from  its  mouth. 

Galway  is  in  the  western  part  of  the  island. 

Limerick  is  on  the  Shannon,  in  the  interior. 

Bel&at  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  fine  linens. 

Spain. 

Noted  for  its  salubrious  climate  and  picturesque 
scenery,  and  as  having  been  one  of  the  leading  pow- 
ers of  Europe;  but  now  one  of  the  most  feeble  and 
unimportant. 

The  soil  is   fertile,  but  poorly  cultivated.      Her 


31 


■1  111! 


I 


38 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 


There  Al-i-cant'  and  Car-tha-ge-na  rest, 
Of  Meditf-rranean  ports  the  last  is  best. 
There  Mal'-a-ga  for  fruits  and  wines  is  known. 
On  Andalusia's  southern  shores  her  home ; 

Cadiz,  her  bulwarks  o'er  the  Atlantic  rears, 
North-west  the  Straits,  where  strong  Gibraltar  peers. 

North-west  of  all  Co-run'-na  Uves,  the  station. 
For  ships  of  Britain  and  the  Yankee  nation. 
Fer-rol'  stands  here,  where  Spain  her  navy  gathers, 
Near  where  Cape  Ortugal  the  dark  sea  weathers. 
On  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  whence  the  wool  of  Spain 
Exported  is,  Bil-bo'-a  finds  a  reign. 

Valencia 's  noted  for  her  silks  so  fine ; 

Xeres  is  known  quite  well  for  sherry  wine.(zc-res) 

Se-ville',  Grenada,  and  Cor-do'-va  lower, 
AH  splendid  cities  once,  of  Moorish  power. 

Portugal. 

Lisbon,  with  wines  and  fruits  where  Tagus  fills 
The  Atlantic  bowl,  is  throned  on  several  hills. 

St.  Ubes,  south-east  of  Lisbon  makes  a  halt. 
And  from  the  sea-wave  manufactures  salt. 


coramercc  ami  niunulacturcg  are  in  a  neglected  state. 
It  u  separated  from  Franco  by  the  Pyrenneee, 
among  which  are  found  numerous  monks  and  hermits. 

The  richest  portions  of  America  once  belonged 
to  Spain,  though  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  are  all  that 
now  remain. 

The  other  colonics  are  the  Philippine,  Caroline, 
and  Ladrone  Islands  in  the  Pacific,  and  the  Canary 
Islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  These  are  her  chief 
sources  of  national  revenue. 

Madrid,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  table-lands 
in  the  interior. 

Barcelona,  on  the  Mediterranean,  is  noted  for 
commerce  and  manufactures. 

Carthagena  is  noted  aa  being  tlie  best  port  on  the 
Mediterranean. 

Malaga,  in  the  province  of  Andalusia,  is  noted 
for  its  rich  Wines  and  delicious  fruits. 

Cadiz  is  strongly  fortified. 

Uomnna  is  noted  for  the  battle  of  Corunna,  between 
the  French  and  English,  and  as  the  port  or  station 
for  packets  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. 

Perrol  is  noted  for  a  naval  station ;  Bilboa  for  its 
commprce  in  wool;  Valencia  for  its  silks;  Xerea 
for  sherry  wine ;  Seville,  Grenada,  aiul  Cordova,  aa 
important  Moorish  cities. 


Coimbra. 

Coimbra,  130  miles  north-east  of  Lisbon,  is  noted  for  its  University. 
The  palace  of  the  University,  once  the  residence  of  the  kings,  is  oue 
of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  place. 

And  north  of  Lisbon,  next  Co-im'-bra  see, 
Much  noted  for  her  university. 

Oporto,  on  the  Duero  makes  resort. 
Known  the  world  over  for  a  wine  called  Port. 

France. 

Paris,  in  gardens,  palaces  and  pride. 
Fashions  and  gaiety,  is  not  outvied. 
Lyons  in  manufacturing  takes  her  throne. 
Just  at  the  junction  of  the  Rhone  and  Saone. 
Mar-seilles,  in  commerce  is  by  none  surpa.ssed, 
Bordeaux  in  wines,  much  money  has  amassed  ; 


L 


Gibraltar. 


ThePromontory  of  Gibi.Uar  constitutes  the  strongest 
fortress  in  the  world.  It  is  three  miles  long,  half  a  milo 
wide,  and  1400  feet  high.  It  commands  the  entrance  to 
the  Mediterranean.  It  is  in  the  possession  of  Great 
Britain. 

PortugaL 

Portugal  was  once  the  most  commercial  state  of 
Europe,  but  u  now  reduced  to  insignificance. 

The  climate  is  remarkably  mild  and  healthy. 

Agriculture,  manufactures,  education,  and  improves- 
mcnts  of  every  kind,  are  in  a  backward  condition. 
The  only  productions  of  importance  are  wine  and  salt. 

LiBBox,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Tagus. 
St.  Ubes  is  noted  for  salt;  Coimbra  for  its  univer- 
sity ;  Oporto  for  the  pnxluction  of  Port  wine. 

Viance. 

Noted  for  the  important  part  she  has  acted 
in  the  affairs  of  Europe,  and  as  having  lately  l)ecome 
a  Republic,  the  only  one  of  consequence  on  the 
Eastern  Continent. 

The  climate  of  France  is  mild  and  salubrious. 


B,'^«.^!iSSSi®»»!?a» 


rcg  are  in  a  ncglccU-d  state, 
ranco  by  the  Pyrennees, 
,merou8  monkB  and  hennils. 
jf  America  once  belonged 
ind  Porto  Rico  are  all  that 

i  the  Philippine,  Caroline, 
le  Pacific,  and  the  Canary 
;ean.  These  are  her  chief 
ue. 

I  situated  on  the  table-lands 

Mediterranean,  is  noted  for 
res. 
being  the  best  port  on  the 

ice  of  Andalasia,  is  noted 
icious  fruits, 
led. 

e  battle  of  Corunna,  between 
,  and  as  tlie  port  or  station 
ain  and  the  United  States, 
ival  station;  Bilboa  for  its 
lencia  for  its  silks;  Xeres 
,  Grenada,  and  Cordova,  as 


bralfar. 

.Uar  con»titule«  the  >troiigeat 

I  three  milea  loii^,  half  a  mile 

It  commands  llie  eiilruiice  to 

■  in  (he  poeseuion  of  Great 

itugaL 

le  most  commercial  state  of 
ced  to  insignificance, 
tably  mild  and  healthy, 
ures,  education,  and  improvc- 
re  ill  a  backward  condition, 
importance  are  wine  and  salt. 

s  situated  on  the  Tagus. 
salt;  Coimbra  for  its  univer- 
Kluction  of  Port  wine. 

ance. 

Drtant  part  she  has  acled 
,  and  as  naving  lately  liecome 
one  of  consequence  on  the 

.nee  is  mild  and  salubrioua 


EUROPE, 


39 


Havre,  fair  port  of  Paris  on  the  Seine,  (hav'-r) 
Tou-lon'  and  Brest,  as  naval  stations  reign. 
Roche-fort'  and  I'Orient  on  Biscay's  Bay,  (lo-re-ong) 
Are  naval  stations  too,  where  ships  may  lay. 
Bay-onne',  near  Spain,  for  bayonets  long  known, 
Cal-ais',  that  oft  has  bowed  to  England's  throne. 
Bou-logne,  south-west  from  this  her  station  finds, 
Rou-en',  upon  the  (Seine  her  cotton  spins. 

Russia. 

St.  Petersburgh  is  60  from  the  Equator,  (CO") 
By  Neva's  banks  she  rules,  and  none  is  greater. 

Cron-stadt,  a  naval  post  where  Finland  boils, 
West  from  St.  Petersburgh  just  twenty  miles. 

And  south  of  Petersburgh,  is  Nov-go-rod': 
Though  fallen  now,  she  boasts  of  royal  blood : 
The  proudest  city  once  of  all  the  north. 
Godlike  in  power,  imperial  in  worth. 
Pol-to'-wa,  known  for  Charles  the  XII  of  Sweden  ; 
Whose  fate  we  learn  when  history  we're  reading. 

O-des'-sa,  hy  the  Blwk  Sea,  takes  her  seat. 
And  from  this  place  exports  the  Russian  wheat ; 

And  Ni-ca-la-jef '  there  joins  the  catalogue, 
A  naval  station,  seated  on  the  Boff. 

Known  for  her  palaces,  and  for  her  bell, 
Moscow  in  the  interior  may  dwell. 

As  north  of  all  Archangel's  lair  is  made, 
Riga  on  Siffa  QuLf  may  boast  her  trade. 

And  by  the  Caspian  of  the  Russian  clan. 
On  Volga's  southern  bank,  is  Astracan. 

Known  for  her  battlements,  and  for  her  wall, 
Of  Poland,  Warsaw  reigns  the  capital. 


l.HpIanders  drawn  over  the  Snow  by  Reindeer. 


The  vineyards  yield  860  million  gallons  of  wine 
annually,  and  occupy  five  million  acres  of  ground. 
The  principal  colomes  are  Algeria,  Senegal,  and  the 
Isle  of  Bourbon  in  Africa;  Martinique  and  Guada- 
loupe,  in  the  West  Indies;  French  Guiana  in  South 
America;  and  Pondicherry  in  Asia. 

PahU;  the  gay  vapiial  of  the  French  Republic  —  the 
paraxon  of  t'aahions  fur  the  world  —  ii  on  the  Seine. 

I.yoni,  noted  for  manufactures,  is  at  the  junction  of  the 
Rhone  and  Saone. 

Marseilles  it  noted  for  commerce;  Bordeaux  for  wines; 
Havre  as  the  portof  Paris;  Toulon,  Roc'ielori, and  Brest 
as  naval  stations;  Bayonne  as  the  place  wh.,re  bayonets 
were  first  used;  Calais  ns  having  repeatedly  been  in  the 
possession  of  Great  Britain;  Rouen  for  cultoo  manufac- 
turing. 

Russian  Empire. 

It  comprises  nearly  on<?  half  of  Europe, 
one  third  of  Asia,  and  a  part  of  North  Amenca. 
It  extends  half  way  round  the  earth,  and  compre- 
hends one  seventh  of  the  land's  surface.  It  is,  gen- 
erally, a  level  country,  and  its  characteristic  features 
are  vast  plains  and  majestic  rivers. 

Russia 

Russian  Europe  is  noted  for  its  ^eat  power 
and  importance. 

Tlie  inhaliitants  are  Russians,  Poles,  Finns,  Tar- 
tars, and  Cossacks ;  tlie  latter  form  a  most  efficient 
part  of  the  anny  of  Russia. 

The  Emperor  is  at  the  head  of  the  church,  and  is 
styled  the  Autocrat  of  all  the  Russias. 

The  military  force,  or  army  of  Russia,  is  the 
largest  by  far  of  any  in  Europe,  and  is  a  great  object 
of  terror  and  anxiety  throughout  all  the  Eastern 
Continent:  it  amounts  to  nearly  ljOOO,000  men. 
The  naval  force  consists  of  SOU  vessels,  50  of  which 
are  ships  of  the  line. 

The  great  body  of  the  Russians  is  divided  into 
two  classes :  nobles  and  slaves.  The  former  live  in 
great  splendor;  the  latter  are  the  property  of  the 
nobles  or  the  emperor. 

'IVenty-two  millions  of  ser&  or  slaves  are  said  to 
be  owned  by  the  Autocrat  himself. 

St.  PrrmsBcsou,  the  capital,  on  the  banks  of  the  Nbto, 
and  60  degrees  from  the  equR'or,  is  one  of  the  moil 
splendid  cities  in  the  world. 

Novgorod,  though  now  in  n  decayed  state,  was  once 
the  sent  of  a  great  republic. 

Polmwa  is  remarkable,  in  history,  for  a  great  batOe 
fought  between  Charles  XII  of  Sweden,  and  Peter  the 
Great  of  Russia,  in  which  the  Infter  gained  a  complete 
virtory. 

Moscow  was  burnt  by  the  Russians,  in  1612,  to  prevent 
iis  falling  into  the  hnndsof  the  French.  It  was  celebrated 
for  iis  mammoth  bell,  the  largest  ever  cast,  the  weight  of 
which  was  upwards  of  ISO  tons. 

Isapland. 

Noted  as  being  the  most  northern  country 
of  Europe.     It  is  owned  by  Russia  and  Sweden. 

The  inhabitants  ore  called  Laplanders  or  Lapps. 
They  are  a  simple,  inoffensive  race ;  strictly  honest ; 
and  live  to  a  great  age.  In  stature  they  never  exceed 
five  feet. 


40 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


Repnlillc  of  Cracoiv. 

Ora'-cow,  beside  Vistula,  tokcs  her  post, 
Known  for  the  mound  of  Kos-ci-us'-ko  most. 

Sweden. 

Stock-holm,  in  Sweden,  is  the  brightest  star. 
On  seven  smtill  isles,  'tween  Bidtic  and  Ma-lar'. 

At  Ootka's  mouth,  Avhosc  fountain  head  is  Wenner, 
Fair  Gtottenberg  spreads  her  commercial  banner. 

Of  Fah-lan's  coi)per  mines,  go  read  the  story. 
And  then,  for  iron,  look  at  Dan-e-mo-ra. 

In  fur,  Tor-ne-a  trades  ;  she's  north  of  all ; 

Carls-cro-nai  scmth,  a  naval  station  call. 


Norway. 


I  Republic  of  Cracow. 

I     Noted  for  ft  mound  raised  to  the  memory  of 
KoHciuako,  which  is  900  i8et  in  bighth,  and  275  feet 


in 


diameter  at  the  bate. 


B-nreden. 


MaUtrora. 

Tlia  Malitrom  on  the  coMt  of  Norway  it  one  of  (lie  moit  terrific 
whirlpools  on  the  globe.  It  is  caused  by  the  tide  between  two  of  the 
Ix>IIodeu  islands,  and  is  so  powerful  as  to  draw  shipn  and  whalt'>' 
from  Ihe  distance  of  several  miles. 

Christiana  on  the  Norway  coast  Ls  laid  ; 
Iron  and  lumber  is  Iter  wealth  and  trade. 
Upon  the  western  coast,  is  seated  Bergen ; 
In  lumber,  tar  and  fi.sh,  her  c.ommerce  urging. 

Dron-lhcim'  is  north  of  this,  along  the  flood — 
Of  Norway's  ancient  kings,  *t  was  once  the  abode. 

PruiMia. 

BerHn,  of  Pnissia,  stnnds  upon  the  Spree, 
A  branch  of  Elbe,  of  royal  pedigree. 

Bres-lau  is  found  far  up  the  river  0-der, 
And  known  for  linens,  near  the  Polish  border. 

And  Konigsburg  is  seated  on  the  Pregal, 
Whose  place  or  rank,  in  days  gone  by,  was  regal. 

Next,  Dant-zic,  on  the  Vis-iu-la,  we  greet, 
Great  mart  of  Poland,  for  exporting  wheat. 


Noted  for  its  numerpf.s  iakea.  It  is  a  level 
country,  with  the  climate  of  Canada  East,  and  baa 
about  2,400  miles  of  sea  coast. 

It  has  valuable  mines  of  iron  and  copper. 

Hardly  one  thirtieth  of  the  land  is  tillable. 

The  higher  classes  of  the  Swedes  are  intelligent, 
brave  and  hospitable ;  hut  luxurious  aiid  ostentatious. 

The  peasants  are  simple,  kind  and  strictly  honest 

The  complexion  of  the  Swedes  is  ruddy ;  the  hair 

flaxen ;  and  their  beards  and  moustaches  have  been 

described  by  travelers  as  almost  white,  and  in  beauti- 

'  ful  keeping  with  thek  blue  eyes  and  rich  cornpleiions. 

Stockholx,  between  Baltic  and  Malar,  is  the  capital. 
Danemora  has  Ihe  best  iron  in  the  world. 
Fahlan  is  noted  for  copper,  and  Tornea  for  for. 

Charlea  XII,  of  Sweden,  was  one  of  the  greatest 
of  modern  warriors.  He  came  to  the  throne  in  1 697, 
at  the  age  of  fifteen.  In  his  seventeenth  year,  he 
foiight  the  combined  armies  of  Russia,  Poland  and 
Denmark,  and  gained  over  them  a  decisive  victory. 
In  his  first  battle  when  he  heard  the  hissfaig  of  the 
bullets  about  his  ear  he  exclaimed,  in  a  rapture, 
"  That  shall  be  my  music.'' 

Norway. 

Noted  for  its  rugged  mountains,  cold  cli- 
mate, gigantic  pines,  a^  for  the  terrific  whirlpool 
on  its  coast,  called  the  Malstrom. 

It  is  united  with  Sweden  under  one  government, 
though  each  state  enjoys  its  own  constitutim,  its  own 
laws  and  legislature. 

From  1 380  to  1 8 1 4,  it  was  united  to  Denmark ;  but 
since  that  time  it  has  formed  a  part  of  Sweden. 

It  ia  one  of  the  most  mountainous  countries  in 
Europe,  and  abounds  with  romantic  and  sublime 
scenery. 

Chbistiaha,  the  captal,  is  noted  for  iron  and 
lumber. 

Bergen,  upon  the  western  shore,  carries  on  a  great 
trade  in  lumber,  tar  and  fish. 

Fruasia. 

Noted  for  its  rapid  rise  from  a  small  state 
to  one  of  the  first  powers  of  Europe. 

It  was  formerly  an  electorate  of  Germany ;  Bran- 
denburg the  basis :  Bast  and  West  Prussia  were  first 
added ;  Silesia  was  wre8te<l  from  Austria ;  Poeen 
from  Poland ;  and  a  part  of  Pomerania  fi-om  Swe. 

'  den ;  and  Saxony,  Wpstphalla,  Clevesburg  and  the 

i  Lovtrer  Rhine,  were  added  in  1815. 

I      The  principal  rivers  are  all  navigable. 

I      Amber  is  found  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltie. 

!      The  army  is  the  best  disciplined  in  Europe. 


>f  Cracow. 

sised  to  the  memory  of 
Set  in  bigbtb,  and  275  <eet 


idcn. 

y.:s  lukeB.  It  ia  a  level 
of  Conadsi  East,  and  has 
:oa8t. 

r  iron  ami  copper, 
the  land  is  tillable, 
he  Sweden  uro  intelligent, 
luxurious  aiid  ostentatious. 
le,  kind  and  strictly  honest 
Swedes  is  ruddy ;  the  hair 
nd  moustaches  have  been 
Imost  white,  and  in  beauti- 
eyes  and  rich  complexions. 

ie  and  Mnlar,  is  llie  capital. 

n  in  the  world. 

r,  and  Tornea  for  fur. 

1,  was  one  of  the  greatest 
»me  to  the  throne  in  1 697, 
his  seventeenth  year,  he 
nies  of  Russia,  Poland  and 
r  them  a  decisive  victory. 
9  heard  the  hissing  of  the 
I  exclaimed,  in  a  laptiue. 


way. 

id  roonntains,  cold  cli- 

i  for  the  tenific  whirlpool 

ilstrom. 

tn  under  one  government, 

its  own  coHstituticHi,  its  own 

vas  united  to  Denmark ;  but 
led  a  part  of  Sweden, 
mountainous  countries  in 
rith  romantic  and  sublime 


tal,  is  noted  for  iron  and 

em  shore,  carries  on  a  great 
ish. 


iBsia. 

rise  from  a  small  state 
I  of  Europe. 

!toratc  of  Germany ;  Bran- 
ind  West  Prussia  were  first 
»ted  from  Austria ;  Poaen 
t  of  Pomerania  from  Swe- 
phalin,  Clevesburg  and  the 
lin  1816. 
e  all  navigable. 

shores  of  the  Bailie, 
lisciplined  in  Europe. 


EUROPE 


41 


Co-logne,  upon  the  Rhine,  with  Dutch  may  trade, 
A  water,  called  Cologne,  she  long  has  made. 
As  Frankfort  on  the  Oder  keeps  her  fairs. 
On  Elbe,  is  Mag-de-burg,  prepared  for  wars. 
As  Luther  lived  in  Wittenberg — in  Thorn, 
By  Vis-tu-la,  Copernicus  was  bom. 

Aix  la  Cha-pelle  and  Til-sit  both,  we  find, 
Are  for  important  treaties  borne  in  mind. 

Austria. 

On  Danube's  banks,  o'er  Austria  stands  Vienna, 
Upon  a  fertile  plain,  she  rules  o'er  many. 

Prague  rules  Bohemia,  on  tlie  tide  Mddau ; 
Her  bulwarks  frown  upon  the  fields  below. 

North  of  Vienna  Aus'-ter-litz  appears, 
And  of  Napoleon's  victory  wears  the  scars. 

By  the  Adriatic  Otdf  is  throned  Tri-este, 
Well  fortified,  of  Austria's  ports  the  best. 

And  near  the  Adriatic,  'mong  the  number, 
I'-dri-a,  for  quicksilver  mines,  remember. 


Buda  and  Fetlh. 

Buda,  on  the  went  hank  of  ihe  Danube,  is  connected  with  Pesth,  on 
the  eastern  bank,  by  a  bridKe  of  boats. 

At  Bu-da's  baths  and  palaces,  now  look — 
By  Danube's  western  bank,  upon  a  rock  ; 
With  this,  connected  by  a  bridge  of  boats, 
Pesth,  on  the  eastern  bank,  her  trade  promotes. 

Schem'-nitz  and  Krem'-nitz,  'mong  the  mountains 
Well  known  for  mines  of  sHver  and  of  gold,      [old, 

To-kay',  for  wines  ;  as  Presburg,  well  j  ju  know, 
Was  Hungary's  capital,  some  years  ago. 

Lem-berg,  for  inland  trade  ;  of  Polish  birth, 
Wie-licz'-ka  from  her  salt  mines  draws  her  worth. 

G«riuan  States— Bavaria. 

Bavaria  waves  her  banners  by  the  I'-ser,  [c-wr] 
Bavaria's  capital,  she's  known  to  be,  sir. 


Its  system  of  common  school  education  is  consid- 
ered the  best  in  the  world. 

BEniix,  the  capital,  on  the  Spree,  a  branch  of  the 
Elbe,  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  cities  in  Europe. 

Konigsburg  was  once  the  capital  of  the  whole 
kingdom. 

Frankfort,  on  the  Oder,  is  noted  for  fairs. 

Magdeburg,  on  the  Elbe,  is  strongly  fortified. 

Wittenberg  was  the  residence  of  Luther. 

Thorn  was  the  residence  of  Copernicus. 

Aix  la  Chapelle  and  Tilsit  are  noted  for  treaties. 

Austria. 

One  of  the  most  important  states  of  Europe; 
one  third  larger  than  France,  and  twice  as  large  as 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

It  is  richer  in  minerals  than  any  other  European 
state. 

The  Archduchy  of  Austria  is  the  original  basis 
of  this  Empire.  Hungary  was  obtained  in  1438,  by 
marriage;  Oallicia  in  1792,  by  the  dismemberment 
of  Poland.  The  Italian  provinces  were  annexed 
in  1815. 

ViEWjTA,  on  a  fertile  plain,  and  situated  upon  the 
Danube,  is  the  capital. 

league,  on  the  Moldau,  a  strongly  fortified  town, 
is  the  capital  of  R.iliemia. 

.Austerlitz,  nortn  of  Vienna,  is  noted  lor  a  great 
victory  of  Napoleon  over  the  Austrians. 

Trieste,  by  the  Adriatic,  a  strongly  fortified  town, 
has  the  best  port  in  Austria. 

Buda,  noted  for  baths,  on  the  Danube,  is  con- 
nected with  Pesth,  on  the  eastern  side,  by  a  bridge  of 
boats. 

Wieliczka,  a  town  of  Poland,  is  noted  for  salt 


Kremnliz. 


Kremnitz  and  Schemniti,  among  Ihe  mountains  of  Hun- 
gary, are  noted  for  gold  and  silver  mines. 

Oerman  States. — Bavaria. 

Bavaria,  in  the  southeastern  part,  is,  nexit 
to  Austria  and  Prussia,  the  most  important  state  in 
Germany. 

The  Black  Forest  and  the  Alp,  two  masses  of 
mountains,  form  one  principal  feature  of  this  state. 
They  are  bleak  regions,  with  little  wood  or  verdure. 

Agriculture  is  in  a  backward  state,  and  manuftctUNB 
have  been  neglected. 

Bavahia,  on  the  Iser,  is  Ihe  capital. 


42 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


For  watches  known,  inventions,  toys  and  books. 
At  Nuremberg,  the  traveler  often  looks. 

Blenheim,  on  Danube,  and  the  Ho-hen-lin-den, 
From  Mu'-nich,  east,  the  war-horse  once  reclined  on. 

Saxony. 

For  her  picture  galleries  known,  now  look  at 
Beside  iheElbe,  as  Saxony,  she  rests  in.   [Dresden, 

In  fairs  and  commerce,  let  fair  Leip'-sic  reign. 
As  Meis'-sen,  on  the  JElbe,  makes  porcelain  ; 

And  Frey'-berg,  by  two  hundred  mines  surrounded, 
Has  there  a  mining  institution  founded. 

Hanover. 

Upon  the  Seim,  from  the  western  shores,  just  over. 
Well  fortified  and  strong,  is  fair  Hanover. 

Up  the  same  tide,  has  Gottenburg  her  post. 
Known  for  her  university  the  most. 

A  North  Sea  port,  for  vessels  great  and  small, 
Em' -den  is  on  the  Ems,  northwest  of  all. 

Wirtemberg. 

Stutt'-gard  of  Wir'-tem-berg,  as  first  may  shine. 
Upon  a  branch  of  the  fair  flowing  Rhine.      [dress. 

On  Danube's  banks,  Ulm  wears  her  shining  war- 
O'er  Europe,  noted  for  a  mighty  fortress. 

Baden. 

Carls-ru'-he,  near  the  Bhine,  rules  over  Ba'-den, 
Whose  shores,  with  Man'-heim,  farther  north,  are 
laden. 

Small  Carman  States. 

MentB,  on  the  river  Mine,  invented  printing ; 
Of  war,  her  bulwarks  seem  to  be  a  hinting. 

Weimar,  the  capital  of  Saxe  Weimar, 
Has  been  the  abode  of  many  a  learned  dreamer  ; 

Je'-na,  southeast  of  this,  her  place  may  fix. 
Remembered  for  the  fray  of  eighteen  'six.     [  1 800 

Free  Cities. 

Frankfort,  known  for  her  Federative  Diet, 
'lives  on  the  Mayne—a.  place  of  fairs  and  quiet. 
Hamburg,  upon  the  Elbe,  has  fixed  her  station, 
Where  vessels  come  to  trade,  of  every  nation. 


The  battle  of  Hohenlinden,  where  Moreau 
gained  one  of  hi»  great  victories,  b  commeinoratetl 
by  Campbell  in  a  sublime  and  glowing  song,  of  which 
the  following  is  an  extract  : 

On  Linden  when  the  sun  was  low, 
All  bloodless  lay  the  untrodden  snow, 
And  dark  as  winter  was  the  flow, 

Of  Iser,  rolling  rapidly. 
But  Linden  saw  another  sight, 
When  the  drum  beat  at  dead  of  night. 
Commanding  fires  of  death  to  light. 
The  darkness  of  her  scenery. 

Saxony. 

The  smallest  kingdom  in  Europe,  though 
the  people  are  the  best  educated. 

Agriculture  and  mining  mostly  form  the  occupation 
of  tlie  inhabitants. 

The  Saxon  sheep  are  noted  for  their  wool. 

Commerce  and  manufactures  are  extensive. 

Drisdbm,  on  ihe  Kibe,  ifi  iioled  for  il»  picture  galleneB. 

Iieipaic  is  iiuled  for  fairs.  ...  . 

Freyberg,  in  ilie  ci-nler  of  the  niini'ug  diitnol,  is  noted 
for  iu  milling  iudiiutioii. 

Hanover. 

Hanover  became  a  kingdom  in  1815. 

It  is  mostly  an  extensive  plain,  with  geiitle  rising 
grounds,  and  nearly  destitute  of  mountains.  The 
Hartz  Mountains  arc  rich  in  mines,  which  are  exten- 
sively wrought 

Stcttoaed,  on  a  branch  of  the  Rhine,  ii  Uie  capital- 
Emdcn  on  the  Ems,  is  the  principal  port  for  the  North 
ScB  trade.  ,     . 

Gottenburg,  on  the  Seint,  is  noted  for  its  univomty. 

Wirtemberg. 

Noted  as  being  the  beet  cultivated  part  of 
Gerimny. 

Erected  into  a  kingdom  in  180C. 
Its  mountains  are  rich  in  minerals. 

Baden. 

A  narrow  but  fertile  plain  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Rhine. 

CAH^snuuc,  is  the  capital. 

Small  Oennan  States. 

Hesse  Darmstadt  consists  of  three  sepa- 
rate dislricU ;  two  north,  and  the  other  south  of  the 
River  Mayno. 

Saxe  Weimar  is  noted  for  its  high  rank  m 
literature  and  the  arts. 

Jena  is  noted  for  a  great  battle  lietwcen  the  French 
and  Prussians,  where  Napoleon  gained  one  of  his 
greatest  victoricn. 

Free  Citiea. 

Mentz,  strongly  fortified,  is  noted  as  being 
the  place  where  printing  was  invented. 


ilinden,  whew  Moreau 
rtories,  is  commemorated 
lid  glowing  Bong,  of  which 

sun  was  low, 
introdden  snow, 
las  the  flow, 
■apidly. 
her  sight, 
at  dead  of  night, 
death  to  light, 
her  scenery. 

ony. 

om  in  Europe,  though 

icatcd. 

mostly  form  the  occupation 

Dtpd  for  their  wool. 

jtures  are  extensive. 

oled  for  its  picture  galleries. 

the  miniiig  district,  is  noted 


over. 

kingdom  in  1816. 
e  plain,  with  gentle  rising 
titute  of  mountains.    The 
in  mines,  which  are  exten- 


,(  the  Rhine,  is  tlie  capital, 
principal  port  for  the  North 

is  noted  for  its  uniToisiiy. 

imberg. 

beat  cultivated  part  of 

1  in  1806. 
in  mineral!. 

tden. 

[e  plain  on  the  east  side 

[>iiBl. 

rman  States. 

•  consists  of  three  sepa- 
and  the  otlier  south  of  the 

loted  for  ita  high  rank  in 

It  battle  lictwcen  the  French 
apoleon  gained  one  of  his 

I  Cities, 

rtified,  is  noted  as  being 
was  invented. 


wn.f.  u 


EUROPE. 


43 


Seated  upon  her  western  banks,  is  Bremen, 
Noted  for  commerce,  and,  of  towns,  a  freenian. 

Lu-bec',  though  in  obscurity  immersed. 
In  the  famed  Hanseatic  League,  was  iirst. 

Switzerland. 


The  Devil's  Bridge. 


The  Devil's  Bridge,  in  Switzerlnnd.  is  ballt  over  the  Rt!ii»».  n  foam- 
ing, rapid  lorreiit,  that  empties  in  lake  I.ucenie,  after  pusaiiiK  ilirouifh 
the  canton  of  Vn.  The  sensation  produced  by  looking  from  ihu  top, 
IS  giddy  and  sublime ;  and  the  roar  of  waters  almost  deuftMiiijg. 

Of  Switzerland's  towns,  Berne  stands  upon  the 
Lau-sanne,  upon  Geneva,  has  lier  fare  ;  [Aar  ; 

These  two,  with  Zurich,  on  her  lake  or  sea,  [zu'-riek 
Are  noted  for  their  splendid  scenery. 

Known  as  the  place  where  paper  first  was  made, 
And  for  her  school,  Basle  on  the  Bkine  is  laid,  [bale 

Scauflf-hau'-sen,  for  a  cataract  of  the  Rhine  ; 

Lu-ceme',  where  towers  tlie  forest  tree,  sublime. 

Known  for  her  council,  of  religious  make, 
Constance,  northeast  of  all,  is  by  the  JmAc. 

Belglam. 


Brussels. 
Brussels,  in  Belgium,  is  noted  for  carpets,  lace,  canibleis.  i,e. 

Brussels,  in  Belgium,  on  a  branch  of  Scheldt,  [skelt 
In  carpets,  lace  and  camblets,  long  has  dealt. 


The  four  free  cities  of  Germany  are  all  that  remain 
of  the  Hanse  or  iiuperial  towns ;  which  once  num. 
bered  eighty-five  of  the  most  commercial  cities  in 
Europe. 

FnAHKroBT,  the  capital  of  Germany,  is  noted  for 
fairs,  and  as  the  place  where  the  German  or  Fedei«- 
tive  Diet,  or  Congress  assemble. 

Switzerland. 

One  of  the  most  mountainous  countries  of 
Europe.    Noted  for  its  sublime  and  romantic  scenery. 

It  is  divided  into  twenty-two  cantons,  which  are 
each  independent  republics,  united  together  for  the 
purpose  of  common  defense. 

The  Swiss  mountaineers  are  noted  for  hospitality 
and  love  of  liberty. 

The  country  abounds  with  lofty  mountains,  cov- 
ered with  perpetual  snow ;  glaciers,  or  lakes  of  ice ; 
torrents  that  roar  and  foam  down  the  rocks ;  and 
avalanches,  or  immense  masses  of  snow. 

Ukbmk,  Luckunk  and  Zlhicu  are  the  capitals  of 
.Switzerland  ;  they  are  noted  for  the  grandeur  of  their 
scenery. 

Basle,  noted  for  its  university,  and  as  the  place 
where  paper  was  first  made,  is  on  the  Rhine. 

Schauti'hausen  is  near  the  celebrated  cataract  of 
the  Rhine. 

("oiistance,  by  Lake  Constance,  is  noted  for  ita 
ecclesiastical  council. 

Thk  Catkrw  op  thk  trrke  Tills. — ^ITie 
three  founders  of  the  Helvetic  confederacy  are  thought 
to  sleep  in  a  cavern  near  tlfe  Lake  of  Lucerne.  It 
is  supposed  that  if  Switzerland  is  ever  enchained,  they 
will  arise  and  vindicate  her  rights. 

When  Uri's  bereheii  woods  wave  red, 

III  the  burning  hamlet's  li  jht ; 
Then  from  the  cavi-tn  of  the  dead, 
Shall  the  sleepers  walk  in  might. 

With  a  leap  like  Tell's  proud  leap, 
When  away  Ihe  helm  he  flung, 
And  boldly  up  Ihe  steep 
From  the  flashing  billow  sprung. 

They  shall  wake  beside  the  forest  sea, 

III  Ihe  ancient  garb  they  wore, 
When  they  linked  ihe  hands  that  made  us  free, 
On  the  Urulli's  moonlight  shore. 
And  their  voices  shall  be  heard, 
And  be  answered  vith  a  shout, 
Till  the  echoing  Alps  are  heard, 
And  the  signal  fires  blaze  out. 

Mrs,  Hmnam. 

Belgium. 

Noted  for  its  fertility  ;  its  high  state  of 
cultivation  ;  and  for  its  being  the  most  thickly  popti- 
lated  of  any  country  of  Europe. 

The  Belgians  were  Ibrmorly  called  Flemings. 

Belgium  once  belonged  to  Austria,  and  then  to 
France.  In  181.^  it  was  united  with  Holland  It 
became  a  separate  State  in  1830,  when  Leopold  took 
the  throne. 

Bh«;srils,  the  capital,  is  noted  for  its  caipeta,  lace, 
camblets,  &c. 


44 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


From  Brussels,  north,  in  miles,  just  twenty-five, 
Antwerp,  upon  the  Scheldt,  her  trade  may  drive ; 
Of  her  cathedral,  there  is  much  renown. 
That  climbs  the  heavens  in  feet,  four,  forty-one.(441 ) 

Ghent,  for  a  treaty  known,  we  next  will  scan. 
Just  thirty  miles  southwest  of  Amsterdam. 

Nine  miles  from  Brussels,  south,  is  Waterloo, 
Where  met  Napoleon  his  overthrow.        [quarters. 

liege,  known  for  firearms,  makes  the  Meuse  her 

Mech'-lin  for  lace,  and  Spa  for  mineral  waters. 

Tour'-ney  and  Mons  along  the  French  frontier, 
Safe  in  their  battlements,  need  nothing  fear. 

Demnark. 

And  Copenhagen  stands  on  Zealand  isle  ; 
As,  by  the  Elbe,  Al-to'-na  reigns  the  while. 
From  Copenhagen,  north,  on  Zealand's  shore, 
Where  vessels  pay  their  toll,  is  El-si-nore'. 

Holland. 


Winter  Scene  in  Holland. 

In  Holland,  near  the  coast,  Hague  makes  her  claim ; 
As,  thirty  miles  northeast,  is  Amsterdam; 
The  last  stands  on  an  arm  of  Zuy-der  Zee, 
Known  for  canals,  where  boats  pass  merrily. 

As  Rotterdam  is  seated  on  the  Meuse  ;  \muce 

Harlem,  by  Harlem  Lake,  of  flowers  makes  use. 

As  a  naval  depot,  next,  remember  Flushing, 
U-kecht',  for  peace,  where  river  Rhhie  is  blushing. 

The  States  or  Italy.— Sardinia. 

Much  noted  for  her  silks,  beside  the  Po, 
Tu-rin  rules  o'er  Sardinia  you  know,  (tu-reon') 

Gten'-o-a,  built  upon  a  mountain's  side. 
Still  of  Columbus  makes  her  boast  and  pride. 

Here,  Al-es-san'-dria  and  Ma-ren'-go's  known. 
The  last,  where  fought  the  great  Napoleon. 


Antwerp  is  noted  for  its  cathedral,  the  spire  of 
which  is  44 1  feet  high. 

Ghent  is  tlie  place  where  peace  between  the  United 
Slates  and  Great  Britain  was  concluded. 

Waterloo  is  famous  for  one  of  the  greatest  battles 
ever  fought ;  a  battle  that  decided  the  tate  of  Europe 
and  Na()oleoD. 

The  following  extracts  are  from  Byron's  Waterloo : 

And  ihiTC  WB»  mounting  in  hot  lisite ;  the  steed, 
The  miKtcring  squadron,  and  the  clailrring  car 
Went  pouring  forward  with  impetuous  speed, 
And  swiftly  forming  In  ih*  ranks  of  war. 

•  •  *  •  •  • 

Idist  noon  beheld  them  full  of  lusly  life. 
Last  eve  in  beauty's  circle  proudly  guy. 
The  midnight  brought  the  signal  sound  of  strife,— 
The  morn,  the  marshaling  in  armi, — the  day, 
Battl4's  magniiicenily  stern  array ! 
The  thunder-clouds  close  o'er  it,  which  when  rent, 
The  earth  is  covered  thick  with  other  clay, 
Which  her  own  clay  shall  cover,  heaped  and  pent. 
Rider  and  horse,  friend,  foe,  in  one  red  burial  blent. 

Denmark. 

Denmark  compriaes  the  peninsula  of  Jut- 
land, the  duchies  of  Holstein  and  Lauenberg,  together 
with  Puen  and  Zealand,  with  the  foreign  possessions 
of  Greenland,  Iceland,  Faroe  Islands,  &c. 

The  soil  is  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  pasturage. 

The  atmosphere  is  thick  and  cloudy,  but  generally 
salubrious  and  healthy. 

The  Danes  ate  honest  and  well  educated. 

The  principal  source  of  influence  of  this  state,  is 
the  command  of  the  entrance  to  the  Baltic.  It  exacts 
a  toll  of  all  ships  that  pass  in  and  out  of  that  sea. 

CoPEHHAOKS,  on  the  island  of  Zealand,  is  the  capital. 

Holliuid. 

The  land  of  the  Dutch,  formerly  called  the 
Netherlands. 

This  is  a  flat,  level  country,  Irelow  the  bed  of  the 
sea ;  which  is  kept  from  encroaching  and  overflowing 
the  land  by  means  of  dykes  or  embankments. 

Caitals  serve  the  purpose  of  streets,  and  are  the 
highways  for  the  commerce  of  the  kingdom. 

'ITie  Dutch  are  the  most  inveterate  smokers  in  the 
world. 

They  have  colonies  in  South  America,  West  At 
rioa,  Java,  and  other  Asiatic  islands. 

AJisrEHnvM,  the  capital,  on  Zuyder  Zee,  is  noted 
for  its  canals,  that  serve  the  purpose  of  streets. 

Italy. 

A  peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Europe ; 
noted  as  having  lieen  the  seat  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
and  of  the  Popes,  and  as  the  land  of  scul^iure,  paint- 
ing, architecture  and  music. 

it  is  distinguished  likewise  for  its  mild  climate,  and 
as  being  the  most  delightful  country  of  Europe. 

It  is  now  divided  into  several  different  states  or 
governments,  the  principal  of  which  are  as  follows: 

I .  The  kingdom  of  Naples,  or  the  two  Sicilies. 
2.  'I'he  States  of  the  Church.  3.  Grand  Duchy  of 
Tuscany.  4.  The  kingilom  of  Sardinia.  6.  The 
kingdom  of  Lorabardy  and  Venice. 


I  cathedral,  the  spire  of 

I  peace  between  the  Unitetl 
an  concluded. 
>ne  of  the  greatest  battles 
lecided  the  fate  of  Europe 

re  from  Byron's  Waterloo : 

I  hot  hstte ;  the  steed, 
nd  the  c>aitrring  car 
h  impetuous  speed, 

ranks  or  war. 

•  •  • 

of  lusty  life. 

proudly  gay, 

ignal  sound  of  strlre, — 

III  arm?, — the  day, 

n  array  I 

I'er  it,  which  when  rent, 

with  other  clay, 

cover,  heaped  and  pent, 
B,  in  one  red  burial  blent. 

nark. 

I  the  peninsula  of  Jut- 
in  and  Lauenberg,  togetlitr 
vith  the  foreign  ponsesaons 
roe  Islands,  &c. 
rell  adapted  to  pasturage. 
t  and  cloudy,  but  generally 

and  well  educated, 
f  influence  of  this  state,  is 
nee  to  the  Baltic.   It  exacts 
B  in  and  out  of  that  sea. 
il  of  Zealand,  is  the  capital. 

land. 

itch,  formerly  called  the 

intry,  Iwlow  the  bed  of  the 

ncroaching  and  overflowing 

ces  or  embankments. 

ose  of  streets,  and  are  the 

ce  of  the  kingdom. 

8t  inveterate  smokers  in  the 

I  South  America,  Wert  At 
itic  islands. 

tal,  on  Zuyder  Zee,  is  noted 
he  purpose  of  streets. 

taly. 

louthern  part  of  Europe ; 
seat  of  the  Roman  Empire, 
the  land  of  scul^iure,  paint- 
ric. 

wise  for  its  mild  climate,  and 
ful  country  of  Europe. 
I  several  different  state*  or 
al  of  which  are  as  follows : 
Naples,  or  the  two  Sicilies, 
urch.  3.  Grand  Duchy  of 
;dom  of  Sardinia.  5.  The 
nd  Venice. 


EUROPE, 


45 


Upon  Sardinia's  isle,  behold  Saa-sa'-ri 
High  to  the  north,  while  south  is  one  Cagl-ia'-ri. 

Lombardy  and  Tenlce. 

For  her  Cathedral  kno'vn,  the  fair  Mi-lan', 
Upon  the  west  of  Lombardy  we  scan  ; 

Venice,  beside  the  A-dri-at-ic  smiles. 
High  to  the  head  on  seventy-two  small  isle.s. 

As  Virgil's  birth  place,  next  Man-tu'-a  know, 
That  keeps  her  station  on  the  rolling  Po. 

Lo'-di  is  west  of  this,  a  warlike  town, 
Where  Bonaparte  a  splendid  victory  won. 

States  of  the  Church. 

Rome,  by  the  Tiber,  keeps  her  ancient  seat, 
Known  for  her  temples  and  her  structures  great; 
Her  columns,  arches,  monuments  we  hail. 
Bat  the  far  famed  St.  Peter's  first  of  all. 
As  fair  Bo-logn-a  keeps  the  northern  border, 
An-co'-na,  to  the  south-east,  boasts  her  harbor. 

The  Two  SlclUes. 


Naples. 

Naples,  near  Mount  Vesuvius,  has  long  been  noted  for  the  beauty  of 
its  bay,  the  delioiousness  ot°  its  climate,  piid  the  picturesque  scenery 
in  ill  vicinity. 

Near  Mount  Vesuvius  let  Naples  lay, 
Long  noted  for  the  beauty  of  her  Bay. 

Pa-ler'-mo  sits  on  Sicily's  fair  isle, 
And  there  Mes-si'-na  and  Ca-ta'-ni-a  smile, 

As  Syracuse  is  known  for  ancient  splendor, 
The  wine  cup  to  Mar-sa'-la  we  may  tender. 


Sardinia. 

The  kingdom  of  Sardinia  embraces  the 
island  of  SarJinia,  and  the  northwestern  part  of  Italy. 

The  latter  has  a  flne  soil  and  mild  climate. 

Ttte  Islaitd  of  Sardinia  has  an  area  of  about 
10,000  square  miles ;  it  i;  a  trifle  larger  than  Sicily. 

A  large  portion  of  the  luril^ce  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous. It  produces  every  <'ariety  of  fruits  common 
to  southern  Europe. 

Ti'Hiir,  the  capital  of  Sardinia,  on  the  Po,  is  noted 
for  silks. 

Genoa  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Columbus. 

Marengo  for  a  great  victory  of  Napoleon  over  the 
Austrions,  in  1800. 

Lombardy  and  Venloe. 

Lombardy  and  Venice,  or  Austrian  Italy,  is 
situated  between  the  River  Po  and  the  Alps. 

It  is  one  of  the  best  cultivated  states  of  Italy,  and 
belongs  to  Austria. 

Lombardy  is  in  the  west  and  Venice  in  the  east. 

MiLAK,  in  the  west  of  Lombardy,  is  noted  for  its 
cathedral. 

Venice  is  situated  on  seventy-two  small  islands,  at 
the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  or  Gulf  of  Venice. 

Mantua  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  Virgil. 

Lodi  for  one  of  Napoleon's  most  splendid  victories. 

States  of  the  Chtu-cb. 

Rome,  the  most  celebrated  city  on  the  globe, 
is  fifteen  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  Among 
the  structures  and  monuments  of  greatness,  that 
excite  the  interest  of  travelers,  is  the  great  St.  Peter's, 
the  largest  cathedral  ever  built. 

Naples. 

Naples,  or  the  two  Sicilies,  includes  the 
Houthern  part  of  Italy,  the  island  of  Sicily,  and  the 
Lipari  Isles. 

These  enjoy  a  warm  climate,  and  have  a  fertile 
soil,  that  produces  the  greatest  variety  of  grains  and 
fruits. 

The  island  of  Sicily  was  formerly  called  the  Gra- 
nary of  Italy. 

Agriculture  and  manufactures,  notwithstanding, 
are  in  a  very  backward  slate. 

Naples,  seven  milts  from  Mount  Vesuvius,  is 
noted  for  its  beautiful  bay. 

Syracuse  is  noted  for  its  ancient  splendor. 
Marsala,  for  its  delicious  wines. 


Orand  Duchy  of  Tuscany. 

Oh.     ''  the  most  populous  states  of  Italy. 

The  people  arc  industrious  and  enterprising. 

Manufactures,  as  well  as  agriculture  are  flourishing. 

Florencs,  on  the  river  Amo,  is  noted  for  painting 
and  sculpture. 

Pisa,  for  its  leaning  tower,  1 00  feet  high,  and  14 
from  a  perpendicular. 


-"•m^ 


46 


POETICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


1 


CSrand  Dnchy  of  Tuscany. 


Floranee. 

Florence,  lituated  on  the  Arno,  ia  noted  for  its  Gallery  of  PainiingK 
and  Sculpture.    It  is  one  of  the  most  benutiful  citie*  in  Europe. 

Flor'-ence  is  seated  on  the  Amo's  banks  ; 
In  sculpture  and  in  painting,  high  she  ranks. 

Pi-sa  is  noted  for  her  leaning  tower ;  (pe-za) 
Leg-horn',  near  by,  m  commerce  boasts  her  power. 

Small  States. 

Mo-de'-na  rules  the  Duchy  of  Modena ; 
Carrara  there,  for  marble  's  known  to  many. 
Ajaccio  blooms  on  Corsica's  rich  coast, 
And  as  Napoleon's  birth-place  let  it  boast. 

Modena  is  the  capital  of  Modena. 
Carrara  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  marble. 
Ajaccio,  on  the  islanil  of  Corsica,  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of 
Napoleon. 

Turkey  in  Europe. 

Near  Bos'-pho-rus,  in  sight  of  Asia's  shore, 
Constantinople  hears  Mar-mo' -ra's  roar ; 
Well  fortified,  her  harbor  let  her  boast, 
Her  mosques  and  temples,  but  seraglio  most. 

And  A-dri-an-o'-ple  sits  in  ancient  Thrace, 
Upon  Ma-ris-aa's  banks  her  trading  place. 

Greece. 

Ath'-ens,  in  Greece,  a  town  of  age  and  fame, 
Beside  the  GhUf  E-gi'-na  writes  her  name. 

Hy'-dra,  upon  an  island  takes  her  rest ; 

Na-po'-li  has  a  harbor  called  the  best : 

And  Navarino  is  remembered  yet. 
For  the  destruction  of  the  Turkish  fleet, 
In  18-27,  when  Frank  and  Russ,  (1827) 
And  Britain,  all  combined  the  Turk  to  crush. 

And  Mis-so-lon'-ghi,  last  of  all,  beside 
The  Gulf  Pa-tras',  —  the  place  where  Byron  died. 


Turkey  in  Buropc. 

The  seat  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  and  the 
mcMt  Boutheastorn  country  of  Europe. 

It  ia  interspersed  with  ijiountains,  valleyg,  and 
rivers. 

It  is  mostly  watered  by  the  Danube  and  branches. 

It  has  a  fertile  soil,  and  mild  cliinat  ;  and  under  a 
literal  government  would  be  one  of  the  finest  coun- 
tries of  Europe. 

The  court  is  called  the  Ottoman  Porte,  or  Sublime 
Porte. 

CoxsTAifTisopLK,  tu  the  southeastern  part  of 
Europe,  upon  the  Bosphorus,  near  Asia  and  the  sea 
'  of  Marmora,  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  of  Europe. 
The  seraglio,  or  imperial  palace,  is  a  city  of  itsel£ 

Oreeoe. 

I  One  of  the  most  distinguished  countries  on 
'  the  glolie.  Xotcd  for  its  great  anticiuity,  and  far 
'  having  hern  the  cradle  of  the  arts  and  sciences. 

It  has  lately  been  rescued  from  Turkirii  thraldom, 
'  by  the  combined  aid  of  Russia,  France  and  Eng- 
I  land ;  and  is  now  in  a  prosperous  condition. 
I      Athkms  is  noted  for  its  antiquity,  and  importance 
in  former  times.  . 

Navarino  is  noted  for  the  destruction  of  the  Turk- 
ish  fleet,  October  SOth,  1827,  by  the  combined  fleets 
of  the  French,  English  and  Russians,  under  Admiral 
Codrmgton. 

MisSolonghi  is  noted  as  being  the  place  of  Byron's 
death;  April  19th,  18'^. 


Athent. 

Athen«,  the  ceipi'Bl  of  Greece,  was  one  of  the  moitoele- 
brated  citi"  of  antlipiily.  It  was  ancientlT  the  seat  of 
learning,  eloquence,  philoiophy,  poetry,  and  the  fins  aru. 


Town  of  8yra. 
Syra,on  the  laland  of  Syra,  in  the  Qreeian  Archipelago, 
is  built  on  a  conical  hill,  and  has  a  very  singular  appear- 
unce  from  a  distance.    It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
towns  in  Greece. 


Europe. 

man  Empire,  and  the 
if  Europe, 
tpountaina,  valley*,  and 

^e  Danube  and  branche*. 
iiild  cliinat-  ;  and  under  a 
e  one  of  the  finert  coun- 

ttoman  Porte,  or  Sublime 

ho  southeastern  part  of 
19,  near  Asia  and  the  sea 
)  finest  cities  of  Europe, 
dace,  is  a  city  of  itaelC 

ice. 

nguished  countries  on 
great  antiiiuity,  and  for 
he  arts  and  sciences. 
]  from  Turkish  thraldom, 
Hussia,  France  and  Gng- 
perous  condition, 
antiquity,  and  importance 

3  destruction  of  the  Turk- 
!7,  by  the  combined  fleets 
1  Russians,  under  Admiral 

jeing  the  place  of  Byron's 


ce,  was  one  of  the  most  oele- 
was  aneientiT  the  seat  of 
hy,  poctrjr,  ana  the  fine  arts. 


jf  Syra. 

,  in  the  Grecian  Arehipelafo, 

I  has  a  very  singnlar  appear- 

one  of  the  most  flourishiiig 


pail^  ^rn^eJi^ScVoTT^r'ee'Kte;'  '?.  ^^^^^^^^^1!^^^^^^^  ^t  ...„p,... 

fh.'^fifni"  ""T^  "l  *®  '*''^'"'*  ^'^  *^  8^^"*^  divisions  of  the  globe ;  as  having  been 

he  abode  of  our  first  parents,  and  the  theater  where  most  of  the  evJnt^  recorded 

mthe^scnptures,  transpired,  and  as  containing  more  inhabitants  tKlirrest 


Capes. 

Cape  Tay'-mour's  parallel  is  sevenlvseven,    r770^ 
Where  one  eternal  winter  finds  a  haven. 
Near  neventy-two  Svi-d-tm's  limits  run ;  (720\ 

As  Skol'-atskoi  is  scarcely  teventy-one.  niO\ 

East  Cape,  beneath  the  Arctic.  Circle  lies, 
While  south  and  west,  Fa^^-va  's  seen  to  rise ; 
And  Pacfi-a-ehiu'-skoi,  with  Lo-pat'-ka  lower, 
Prom  cold  Kam-schut'-ka's  bleak  and  frozen  shore. 

The  Gulf  8i-am'  around  Camliodia  raves; 
Ma-lac'-ca  rears  Ro-ma'-nia  o'er  the  waves. 
«,^  ^"'Pi  A'eT^rew'  lies  westward  from  Ran-goon', 
Where  the  Bay  of  Bengal  heaves  the  watery  moan. 
South  of  Hindoostan,  Com-o-rin'  we  see, 
North  eight,  and  east  the  seventy-eighlh  degree. 


And  Mtu^en-doon',  and  Ros-al-gaif,  belong 
In  Ar'-.i.by,  and  finish  out  the  song. 


Rivers. 

To-bnf  and  I.i'-nm  with  the  Ir'-tish  join 
In  O'-At'jy  stream,  that  rolls  to  Obi's  brine. 
And  Yen-e-se'-i  with  Tim-f^nos'-ka  glide 
Where  Pi^i-ci'.na  scours  the  Arctic  tide. 
There  An-a-lmr'^  and  OJemk'  unfold. 
With  Lt'-na  in  the  same  bleak  octan  roli'd. 
And  Yd-na  drives,  amid  the  frozen  spray, 
With  In-dt^i'-ca  and  dark  Kal'-a-ma. 

And  Att-a^lir'  pours  eastward  to  the  sea, 
Last  in  the  list  of  cold  Siberia. 


(47J 


BiiwuaMift'ymwj 


k!H^:>>:Sr^lSlS^^:WM '  m'M&i'i 


48 


POETICAL     GEOOllAPHY, 


BIVKB8    OF   THK   KASTMIN    COAST. 
Son^a-ri  drivei,  joined  with  the  bold  A-rmut', 
'n  'rartary's  Channel,  from  the  'J'artar  shore. 
Ho-ani^  Ho  and  Ki-anf(  Ku  eastward  stray, 
From  Chinese  uhorea  into  the  Yellow  8ea. 
From  China,  to  her  sea,  HiMing'  Ki-ang' 
For  ages  past,  has  'neath  the  tiopic  sang. 
O'er  India's  plains,  China  and  Thiltct  too. 
To  China  Sea,  Cavt-bo^i-a  murmurs  low. 

RlVKBfl    OF    THE    SOUTHERN    COAST. 

From  Thibet  southward  rolls  the  Ir-ra-wad'-da, 
O'er  India's  plains,  a  bold,  gigantic  body. 
And  Bur-am-pou'-ter,  called  by  some  San-pa/, 
From  Thibet  comes,  passing  Hmdoostan  through. 


Jum-na'  and  Gan'-gm,  l>oth  of  Hindoo  birth  ; 

G(fdmx'-ry  too,  and  Krisl'-na,  in  her  mirth. 

To  the  Bay  of  Bengal  semi  llicir  billows  lortli. 

Westward  Ner-bud'-da/t  rolls  to  Cambay  (iiilf, 

Smiling  on  Hindoo  shores,  as  smilcH  the  sylph. 

The  Lt'-dua  empties  in  the  A'rab  Sea, 

'Twecn  Hindoo,  Af-ghan,  and  the  Hcl-oo-clice . 

HelrmunCC  runs  woslward  into  Dura  l.akn. 

Whose  murmuring  waves  the  Afghan  liordcrs  shuUe. 

The  Ted-xen  mingles  with  the  Caspian  brine, 

'Twecn  Persian  shorcst  and  Tartary  the  line. 

And  Ji'-hon  rolls  with  Si'-hon  by  her  side, 

In  Tf'JUry,  where  Arel  opens  wide. 

The  Ti-^is  and  the  great  Eu-phra-te*  joined, 

Into  the  Persian  Gulf  with  murmurs  wind. 


TOWNS   AND 
Siberia. 


TrAvcling  in  Siberia. 


Th«  travelimr  in  Siberia  is  performed  mostly  by  means  of  dog» 
TW.  «^e  Mven  or  more,  as  the  load  renuires,  are  hhtncssed 
^Ih'er'befor^'he  bghr.led.,  which  are  e.«W  drawn  over  the  ice 
and  snow. 

To-bolsk',  upon  the  To'-bd,  is  the  place, 
Or  chief  abode  of  Russia's  exiled  race. 

Ir-koutsk',  on  the  An-ga'-ri-a  river  seen, 
Caiief  town  of  East  Si-be-ri-a,  I  ween. 

Ki-ach'-ta  on  Se-lin' -ga' s  banks  is  laid, 
The  only  spot  where  Russ  and  Chinese  trade. 

Ya-kutsk'  on  Li-na,  Ok'-hotsk  near  the  tide. 
Are  by  the  fur-trade,  in  one  bond  allied. 
Japan. 

On  Niph'-on  Isle,  Jed-do  stands  first  in  place, 
With  near  two  millions  of  the  human  race. 

Me-a'-co  where  Diari  makes  abode,  (da-ee-'rcc) 
One  hundred  sixty  from  the  Jeddo  road. 

And  Nan-ga-sack'-i  is  the  only  port, 
Where  European  traders  make  resort. 

Independent  Tartary. 

And  Bok'-ha-ra  and  Sam-ar-cand'  abide, 
In  Tartary  along  the  Ko-huk  tide. 
Ot'-rar  and  Tas'-cant  by  the  Si'-hon  keep, 
By  Ji'-hm's  waters  Balkh  and  Kie'-va  sleep. 


COUNTRIES. 

Siberia. 

Siberia,  or  Russian  Asia,  is  noted  as  being 

an  almost  unbounded  expanse  of  level,  frozen  de«rt. 

It  extends  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  the  Pacific 

Ocean. 

Some  of  the  southern  districtn  are  ferUle. 

The  Ural  and  Atlay  Mountains  yield  gold,  silrcr, 
platina  and  precious  jtones. 

Tobolsk,  the  chief  town  in  Siberia,  w  noted  as 
the  residence  of  distinguished  exile* 

Kiachta  is  the  only  place  where  the  Chinese  aUow 
the  Russians  to  trade. 

Yakutok  and  Okhotsk  are  the  chief  cmponuma  of 
the  fur  trade. 


Japan. 

A  small  empire  erst  of  Asia ;  comprising 
the  islands  of  Niphon.  Jcsso,  Kiusiu  and  SikoJw. 

The  inhabitants  are  the  most  civilized,  the  best 
educated,  and  sustain  the  best  morals  of  any  country 

It  a  the  only  country  of  Asia  where  the  righls  of 
women,  are  respected.  ..     ,    i 

Their  laws  are  very  severe ;  quartering  the  body, 
immereion  in  hot  oil,  crucifying,  &e.,  arc  among  thc-r 
modes  of  punishment.  . 

The  parent  suffers  for  the  child's  crimes,  and  the 
child  for  the  parent's.  .  . 

.1  Ki)  no  is  one  of  the  most  populous  cities  on  the  globe. 

Meaco  ia  the  residence  of  the  Dian,  or  spiritual 
emperor,  the  head  of  the  Sinto  Religion. 

Independent  Tartary. 

Noted  for  the  independent  and  roving  char- 
acter of  its  inhabitanU;  and  for  iu  having  been  the 
wat  of  rule  for  Ghenghis  Khan,  Tamerlane  and 

i      his  bounded  on  three  sides  by  mountains  and 
deserts ;  and  on  the  fourth  by  the  Caspian  sea. 

The  Tartars  are  subject  to  no  foreign  power,  and 
!  are  not  united  under  any  one  government.  They  are 
'  a  pastoral  people.    Their  favorite  food  is  horseJUih. 


Hindoo  birth ; 
,  in  her  mirth, 
HI  billow*  lortli. 
10  Cambay  (Sulf, 
imiU'H  the  fjlph. 
sb  Sen, 
the  Hci-oo-chce". 

Ultra  l.akn, 
Afghan  Imnlcrs  »huke. 

Caspian  brine, 
irtary  the  line. 
by  her  side, 
wide. 

■phra-tti  joined, 
mniurs  wind. 


ria. 

\8ia,  is  noted  aa  being 
nse  of  level,  frozen  desert. 
I  Mountains  to  the  Pdcific 

stricta  are  fertile. 

luntainB  yield  gold,  ailwr, 

I, 

m  in  Kberia,  is  noted  w 

led  exiles. 

e  where  the  Chinese  allow 

ire  the  chief  emporiums  of 


Jan. 

it  of  Asia  ;  compriBing 
ISO,  Kiusiu  ami  SikoM. 
le  most  civilized,  the  best 
best  morals  of  any  country 

f  Asia  where  the  r^Us  of 

fere;  quartering  the  body, 
ifying,  &c.,  arc  among  their 

the  child's  crimes,  and  the 

populous  cities  on  the  globe. 
«  of  the  Diari,  or  spiritual 
Sinto  Religion. 

mt  Tartary. 

endent  and  roving  char- 
and  for  iu  having  been  the 
;his  Khan,  Tamerlane  and 

e  sides  by  mountains  and 
th  by  the  Caspian  sea. 
ct  to  no  foreign  power,  and 
one  government.  They  arc 
r  favorite  food  is  harsejleih. 


ASIA 


49 


Cblna. 


Chinese  Empire. 


\:  '-^ 

m 

^l|^ 

M 

^ 

P 

PI9 

^^■'"S^i^ 

SSi#» 

CM  ' 

r 

T 

A."  "*r  ( 

.:  1-15 

'  \  ■■  - 

a'' 

3  --^ 

^  -^ 

Tekin. 

Pekin,  with  the  exception  of  Irf>ndoii.  it  llie  most  popiiloiis  pitv  on 
the  plobe.  It  is  near  the  great  Chinese  Wall.  It  contains  the  pnliici' 
of  the  Emperor,  which  (orms  one  of  its  principal  features.  It  i.i 
divided  into  the  Chinese  and  Tartar  city. 

Pe'-kin,  the  first  in  poptilation,  stands 
Near  the  great  wall  that  guards  the  Chinese  land.s. 
Nan-kin,  known  for  her  tower,  from  Pekin  south, 
Two  hundred  forty  from  Ki-an'-ku's  mouth. 


Noted  for  its  j/reot  antinuity,  and  for  being 
the  most  [xipuloiis  empire  on  the  glolie. 
:  It  emliriici's  China,  (.:iuiie«e  Tartury,  Coreo  and 
Tliilvt;  the  population  i.l  which  in  csliiimted  at 
■J.")0,00(),000,  the  greatest  iiuiiiIkt  ruled  by  any  one 
man. 

'l"he  ruler  of  this  iminen.so  mass  of  h<ings,  is  an 
alwoliiti;  iJesiMjl,  liut  governs  his  subjects  in  a  irarentid 
ii.aimcr.  He  iH  Htylol  Uie  Hon  of  JUnveii.  Ho 
U'longH  lo  the  Mantchoo  rucc,  by  whom  L  liina  was 
coiiqucreil  in  1644. 

China. 

i      The  basis  of  the  Chinese  Empire ;  noted 
;  for  the  jealous  character  of  iU  inhabitants,  and  for 
the  Tta  /ilatil,  which  is  cultivated  to  such  an  ext<!nt 
I  llial  it  supplies  the  whole  world.    It  is  estimated  that 
fiO.OOO.tMM)   |).nm(l»   are   annually   exported   to  (lie 
I'nited  Wtatos  and  (Jreat  Urilain. 
'J'he  Imperial  Can:il  is  COO  miles  in  length. 
,      The  Great  Wall  is   1,500  miles  in  length,  and 
twenty.four  feet  high.     It  is  the  greatest  work  ever 
[wrformed  by  man. 

Pressing  the  feet  of  fcmali'S  while  children,  to 
prevent  their  growth,  is  a  prevailing  custom  among 
the  Chinese,  and  is  their  criterion  of  female  beauty. 

'i'he  principal  foixl  of  the  nation  is  rice,  though 
rats,  puppies,  mice,  &c.,  arc  common  dishes.  ,• 

The  army  amounts  to  800,000  men,  but  their 
nioilc  of  warfare  is  vastly  inferior  to  the  European. 

Learning  is  highly  prized  in  China,  and  is  the  only 
requisite  qualification  for  office. 

Nankin  is  celebrated  for  iU  porcelain  tower,  200 
feet  high. 


Canton,  the  great  commercial  town  of  China. 
Canton  isone  of  tlie  most  commercial  cities  of  the  Chinese  Euinirc 
Nearly  all  the  teas  sold  to  foreign  nations  are  shipped  from  lhi«  ion 
It  was  until  quite  lalo  the  only  port  Europeans  were  perniiiied  to 
trade  at. 

In  commerce,  first,  Canton,  on  Canton  River, 
Where  Europeans  sail,  their  leas  to  gather. 

Cblnese  Tartary. 

Yor'-kund,  by  Yorkund  River,  finds  a  home  ; 
'Tis  Central  Asia's  chief  emporium. 
Maim-at'-chin  makes  the  mountain  pass  her  bed, 
Wlicre,  with  Ki-ach'-ta  China  holds  a  trade. 

Yorkund  is  the  emporium  for  central  Asia. 

Maimatchin,  by  a  mountain  pass,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Sayanskoi  MountMns,  from  Kiachta  in  Siberia,  is  noted  as  the 
only  place  at  which  the  Russians  are  allowed  to  trade. 


The  Great  Chinese  Wall. 

The  Chinese  Wall  is  unqneslionably  one  of  the  Rreaieat 
works  ever  performed  by  man.  It  was  built  by  rtie  Chi- 
nese, as  a  defense  against  the  Tartars.  It  is  1,500  miles 
long,  twemy-four  feet  high,  and  broad  enough  for  several 
horsemen  to  lide  abreast. 

Chinese  Tartary, 

An  elevated  country  on  the  table  lands  of 
the  Himinaleh,  Kuenlin  and  Celestial  Mountains.  It 
is  a  cold  country,  inhabited  by  a  pastoral  people,  of 
whom  but  little  is  known. 


K^WC.tl TW9;iMI  ilWW  MIW 


50 


1'  0  E  T  I  C  A  L     GEOGRAPHY 


Thibet. 


Wor»hlp  of  ihB  (iriiiiil  I.uir.a 


The  worthip  of  tho  Omiirt  f.amn  roii»iilui<'»  ilie  religion  of  a  great 
portion  of  Central  A«ia.  He  i"  ronmiturpd  by  hin  wnrnliippera  the 
Kvcrlimiiig  Kalherof  llftivcn.  Tlu'y  hi-lievn  thai  whfit  he  diei  his 
Roiil  pa«icii  into  the  body  of  some  child,  who  in  nought  alter  by  the 
priest,  and  immediately  exalted  to  the  throne. 

Las'-sa,  in  Thibet  makes  her  proud  abode, 
Where  the  Grand  Lama  sits,  a  human  god. 

Tnrkey.— Syria  and  Palentlne. 

A-lep'-po  by  an  earthquake  torn  of  late, 
*  Is  first  in  rule  o'er  little  and  o'er  great. 

On  Pharphar's  tide,  Damascus  makes  her  thront-. 
For  silks  call'd  damask,  and  for  sword  blades  known. 

Jerusalem  reigns  just  thirty  miles  from  sea, 

Jaf '-fa,  her  port,  northwest,  is  known  to  be. 
Southwest  of  all,  Ga-za  is  on  the  coast, 
For  caravans  it  is  a  resting  post. 

Acre,  from  Jaffa  north,  her  fortress  rears  ; 

On  Leb'-a-non,  one  Diar-el  Kai-mer  peers  : 

Bal'-bec  is  by  the  feet  of  Lcb-a-non; 

Pal-my-ra  in  the  desert  lives  alone. 

Both  these  are  known  for  relics  of  the  past. 
Where  ruins  rise  on  every  side  aghast. 

Asia  Minor. 

Smyrna  is  seated  where  Le-vant'  is  found. 

As  south  the  Black  Sea  dwells  fair  Treb-i-zond'. 

Bru'-sa,  near  by  the  sea  that's  called  jfur-mo'-ra, 
Was  once  the  capital  of  Turkish  glory. 

An-go-ra  in  the  hdcrior  is  built, 
And  famous  for  a  goat  with  hair  like  silk. 

Mesopotamia  and  Armenia. 

Bas-so-ra  is  a  place  of  wealth  and  trade. 
On  Skuif-el  A! -rah  is  her  station  miide. 

Bagdad,  that  lives  upon  the  Tigris  shore, 
Was  once  the  seat  of  Calif  rule  and  power. 


Thibet 

Noted  for  being  the  most  elevated  country 
on  tlic  glolie,  nnd  fur  tlio  worahip  of  the  Uranil  Lama. 

It  in  aituutol  on  the  tatile  laiidH  of  the  HintnmU'h 
Moiintaina,  an  cl»vat(Hi  that  thu  rold,  in  the  winter 
rH'iiMiii,  u  iiiti'iiite.  'YW  sky  at  nil  senaHie  iifiprurn  Nil 
Hark  aa  ink.  The  atara  ahiino  witli  the  elfulKcnce  of 
Hiiiia ;  there  ia  no  twilii^ht  tliat  prcrcdea  the  riaing,  or 
HticcccdH  the  aettiiifi  of  aun  or  iiiooii ;  nnd  were  there 
not  mountain  peaka  of  a  atill  higher  elevation,  to 
tbrctell  the  o|)cning  or  rinsing  of  day,  it  would  \io 
one  Rudden  change  from  darkneaa  to  light,  and  from 
light  to  darklicaa, 

Turkey  in  Asia. 

Noted  for  its  fine  climate  and  fertile  soil, 
and  aa  having  been  the  seat  of  moat  of  the  evnta 
narrated  in  Bihie  Hiatury,  and  tSo  theater  of  more 
changes  than  any  other  part  of  the  globe. 

It  coiiiprincs  Syria,  PalcHtine,  Asia  Minor,  Moso- 
potaniiu  and  Armenia. 

Syria  and  Paletrtine. 

Syria. — Noted  for  its  importance  in  former 
tiinca,  when  Tyre,  Uaroancua,  AntitKh,  Balbec  and 
Palmyra,  were  in  their  glory. 

It  wiiB  rontjitoivd  by  the  Pacha  of  Egypt  in  18:!'2; 
but  rratored  by  the  interference  of  the  European 
powers  in  1840. 

Palestine. — Noted  as  the  Holy  Land,  the 
inhcritaiu'e  of  the  laraelitoa,  and  aa  the  theater  where 
the  moKt  important  events  have  occurred  that  the 
world  haa  evt^r  witnessed. 

Asia  Minor. 

The  peninsula  between  the  Mediterranean 
and  Black  seaa.  Noted  for  ita  delighthil  climate,  and 
08  having  been  the  acat  of  the  kingdoms  of  Lydia 
and  'I'roy. 

Mesopotamia  and  Armenia. 

Mesopotamia  was  once  the  seat  of  the 
minhty  Babylon ;  of  Paradise;  of  the  Tower  of 
Uulii'l;  of  the  kingdom  of  IVimtod,  Cyrus,  Dnrtiic, 
Alexander,  &"c. 

Armenia,  north  of  Mesopotamia,  is  noted 
08  the  [ilace  where  the  .^rk  rested  nftrr  the  flood. 

Towns  of  Turkey  in  Asia. 

A  LKPPo,  the  capital,  once  a  flouriahing  city,  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1 822. 

Damascus  is  noted  for  sword  blades,  and  a  silk 
called  (Limwik. 

Jerusalem  is  thirty  miles  in  the  interior.  Jaf&  is 
its  port 

Gaza  is  a  resting  place  for  caravans,  before  crossing 
the  desert  to  Egypt  and  Arabia. 


set. 

most  i!lcvatcd  country  i 
i^nthip  of  the  Urantl  Lama, 
le  IbikIh  of  ttie  Hinininlt'h 
t  the  colli,  in  thii  winter 
y  at  nil  •eflB<>ng  tippruiii  «» 
ine  with  the  elTulKfiu-f  of   , 
:luit  pro'cJeit  the  riiiiiig,  or  i 
or  iiiiK)ii ;  nnd  were  there 
Rtill  higher  clevalioii,  to  I 
wing  of  day.  it  would  bo  I 
Arknem  to  light,  and  from  ^ 

i 

in  Aala. 

imat9  and  fertile  soil, 
!at  of  moot  of  the  ev»nt« 
and  I  So  theater  of  more 
rt  of  the  globe. 
PHtine,  Aiiia  Minor,  Mcbo- 


PalastitM. 

ta  impoTtance  in  former 
icui,  Antioch,  Balbec  and  ! 

VI-  \ 

!  Pacha  of  Egypt  in  18:)'2;  1 
ference  of  the  European  | 


as  the  Holy  Land,  the 
a,  and  aa  the  theater  where 
8  have  occurred  that  the 


Minor. 

een  the  Mediterranean 
r  itM  delightliil  climate,  and 
of  the  kingdomf  of  Lydia 


and  Armenia.  ■ 

once  the  geat  of  the 
radise ;  of  the  Tower  of 
)f  IVinirod,  Cyrus,  Darius, 


Mesopotamia,  is  noted 
k  resti'd  nficr  the  flood. 


irkey  in  Asia. 

ice  a  flourishing  city,  was 

cein  182'.;. 

r  aword  blades,  and  a  silk 

X  in  the  interior.    Jafib  is 

for  caravans,  before  crossing 
Arabia. 


sr 


ASIA 


51 


Mo-.sul'  likewise  drinks  from  the  TA/m  Hood, 
For  munlim  known,  wlicre  Nineveh  ome  stood. 

Hil-liib,  beside  Euphndi-H  makes  her  throne, 
Built  on  the  sit<'  ol  niiulily  Hithylon. 

Ar-nie-uia's  capital  is  Kr-ze-roum'; 

Van  on  iMke  Van,  a  fortres:  of  renown. 

Arabia. 

Mec'-ca,  where  old  Mahomet  took  his  birlli ; 
With  fair  Me-di'-na  where  he  veils  his  earth. 
Yem'-Do,  Medina's  port,  is  by  the  sea  ; 
Jid'-da  is  Mecca's  port,  all  will  aijree. 


*•■■ 


Alucha. 

Mocha,  hough  in  noinewhal  of  a  decayed  state.  i>  ttill  the  most 
itnportaiil  port  of  Arabia  on  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  noted  for  its  excel- 
lent coflee,  which  is  carried  to  most  parts  of  the  world. 

Mo'-cha,  chief  seaport  town  of  Ar'-a-by, 
Whose  coffee  's  drank  on  every  sliore  and  sea ; 

Mus'-cat,  a  seaport  town,  well  fortified. 
The  Sacerdotal  prince,  or  Imam's  pride. 
Southeast  it  stands  where  the  Persian  Gulf  unfurls. 
And  much  renowned  for  trade  in  shells  and  pearls. 

Persia. 

Te-he'-ran,  where  the  El'-burg  peaks  arise. 
Heaves  up  her  warlike  forehead  to  the  skies. 

And  Is-pa-han',  once  capital,  is  lain, 
In  the  interior,  on  a  fertile  plain. 

Shi-raz',  famed  for  her  wine  and  Persian  lore, 
Near  where  Per-sep'-o-lis  in  ruins  low*  r. 


I      ,\rrc  ia  noted  for  its  Ktrong  forlreas. 

I      bullwc  ai  llic  l()ot  of  Lebanon,  and  Palmyra,  in  the 

ili'.scit  east  of  JJalk'f,  arc  nott'd  tor  their  remarkable 

ruiiiM. 

Uatsora,  on  Shut'  ei  Arab,  is  u  place  of  great  wealth 

iinil  iiiiiKirtiiiicc. 

Haudiid  was  the  seat  of  the  raliphs. 

Miwul,  oti  lli«  'i  iRria,  in-ar  the  ruins  of  ancient 
Miu'M'li,  is  imlcd  liir  iiiiiHllns. 

Hiiliih,  on  the  EiipliMtoH,  is  supposed  to  be  near 
llic  site  of  :!:;.'ioiit  Babylon. 

EraLTouiii  i.i  tile  iiipital  of  Armenia. 

Van,  on  l.jkv  Van,  hiiti  a  ntri  ■-.'^  fortress. 

Arabia. 

The  hirthpliice  of  Mahomet.  It  lies  between 
the  K<'(1  !Seu  uiiil  i'tTHJaii  (lulf.  Noted  for  the  uii- 
^•ha1l^nllf,'  charui-tcr  of  ita  inhabitants ;  for  its  great 
uiitiiinity  ;  for  its  hurning  sandy  disorts;  its  sujierior 
ciilfeK,  tuid  as  beinf;  the  center  of  the  Muhomniedan 
Itcligion, 

It  is  divided  into  .Arabia  Pctrma,  or  stony  .\rabia, 
in  the  norlhwestem  jmrt ;  .Vn'bia  Deserta,  or  Desert 
.Arabia,  in  the  interior ;  and  .\t;ibn  Felix,  or  Happy 
.Arabia,  in  the  southern  part. 

'J"he  Bedouins,  [l)ed.oo-weens]  or  tlie  wondering 
Arabs  that  inhabit  the  desert,  subsist  chiefly  by  rob- 
bery and  plunder, 

Mecca,  the  birthplace  of  Maliomct,  is  regarded  as 
the  capital. 

Medina  is  important  as  the  place  of  his  tomb. 

Muscat,  the  capital  of  Oman,  and  governed  by  the 
Imam,  or  sacerdotal  prince,  is  the  entrepot  for  the 
merchandise  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  on  which  it  is  sit- 
uated.   It  is  noted  fur  its  extensive  trade  in  pearls. 

Moore's  inimitable  song  of  .\raby'8  Daufrhter,  has, 
among  its  other  merits,  the  glow  of  orit-ntai  scenery. 

Par  'wtV. — farewell  to  thee.  Arabt's  dauf,!iter! 

(Th'.o  warbled  a  PiHi  beneath  the  dark  sea:) 
No  pearl  ever  lay,  under  OmaVs  green  water, 

A'oro  pure  in  it»  shell,  than  thy  spirit  in  thue. 

But  long  upon  Ababt's  green  sunny  highlanoo. 
Shall  maids  and  their  lovers  reniemljer  Iho  doom 

Of  her,  who  lies  sleeping  among  t';e  Pearl  Islands, 
With  nought  but  the  sea-star  to  ':;ht  up  her  tomb. 

We'll  dive  where  the  gardens  of  coral  !ie  darkling. 
And  plant  all  the  roiajest  siems  at  thy  h ~ad ; 

We'll  seek  where  the  sandsof  the  Caspian  trc  sparkling. 
And  gather  their  gold  to  strew  over  thy  btij. 


Persia. 

Noted  for  its  great  antiquity  and  importance 
in  early  times. 

A  krge  portion  is  barren,  nnuntainous  and  desti- 
tute of  running  stream;i.  It  is  the  most  fertile  on 
the  borders  of  the  Ua.spiu;;  .^oa. 

The  Persians  are  the  most  learned  of  the  Asiatic 
nations. 

They  manufacture  the  most  beautiful  carptits,  silk 
shawls,  porcelain,  &c.,  in  the  world. 


a 


I 


mmm 


52 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY, 


Bu-shire',  chief  seaport  on  the  Persian  Oulf;       | 

Or-mus,  known  once  for  commerce  and  for  wealth. ; 

Gam-broon'  and  Min-ab,  near  to  Ormus  keep, 
On  the  same  shore,  beside  the  coral  deep. 

Yezd,  where  the  Ghe'-her  finds  a  last  repose. 
South  of  the  desert  blooms,  as  blooms  the  rose. 

Sul-ta'-nia,  found  on  I'-rack's  northern  boat, 
The  kintr's  resort  in  summer  from  the  heat. 

Still  farther  north,  in  A-der-bi'-jan  peers 
Ta-breez',  a  splendid  town  in  fonncr  years. 

Gour-gaun',  a  fortress  by  the  Tartar  line. 
On  Persian  shores  east  from  the  Caspian  brine. 

Arghanistan. 

Cabul,  on  Ka'-ina  tide,  the  Af-ghans  greet, 
Above  the  sea  it  stands  six  thousand  feet. 

O'er  Ca'-bul's  kingdom  once  Pesh-awer'  reigned 
The  first  in  rule,  e'er  Cabul  was  enchained. 

And  Can-da-har'  is  by  the  dark  Hel'-mund, 
The  central  point  where  Door-au-nees'  abound. 
Northwest  of  all.  He-rat',  Avith  Persia  trades, 
Where  Hin'-doo  Koosh'  unfold  their  giant  shades. 

Beloocblstan. 

Ke-lat'  by  Mas' -kid  River,  finds  a  seat, 
On  Mountains  o'er  the  sea  eight  thousand  feet. 

Hlndoostan. 


Caleuim. 


Calcutta  on  tlic  Hoosrly.  an  arm  of  tlii-  (Unnges.  one  hundred  milcc 
from  the  sea,  is  one  of  the  most  iniporlanl  cities  of  llin  looslaii. 
That  part  of  the  city  where  the  Kuropeans  reside  is  tnnsii'heenilv 
built  Its  commerce  is  very  extensive ;  anil  the  population  is  esti- 
mated at  025,000. 

Calcutta,  Hindoo's  proud  emporium,  smiles 
On  Ganges,  from  its  mouth  one  hundred  miles. 
On  the  same  tide  Ben-a'-res  hns  a  share. 
Four  sixty,  northwest  of  Calcutta's  lair.      (4G0) 


Tlie  i;ihul)itatitii  are  well  formed,  and  like  the  Dutch, 
are  (jreat  miokers. 

Teheran,  »ti«iigly  fortified,  is  at  the  foot  of  the 
Rlliorg  Mountains. 

Ispahan,  once  the  capital,  is  on  a  fertile  plain  in 
the  interior.  .  . 

Sliiraz.,  tlie  scat  ot  literature,  and  noted  for  delicious 
wines,  is  near  the  ruins  of  ancient  Persipolis. 

Vodi,  near  the  center  of  Persia,  is  the  resort  of 
the  persecuted  (iheber-!,  or  fire  worshippers. 

Sultania,  in  the  province  of  hack,  is  tho  summer 
resort  of  the  soverciiriis. 

Talirecz  was  once  a  eity  of  importance. 

(iuurgaun,  east  of  the  (Caspian,  and  near  the  line 
of  Independent  Tartary,  is  a  strong  fortress. 

Afghanis  tan. 

The  country  which  lies  between  Persia  and 
Hindoostai). 

The  .\f15hans  arc  a  hold  and  warlike  race ;  hospita- 
ble to  strangers,  and  even  to  their  most  bitter  enemies. 

Uabul,  on  Kama  River,  is  elevated  6,000  feet 
anions;  tho  Hindoo  Koosh  Mountains. 

Pcshawer  was  once  the  capital  of  Cabul. 

Candahar,  on  Helmund  River,  is  the  principal 
town  of  the  Dooraunees. 

Herat,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Afghanistan,  is 
the  seat  of  trade  between  Persia  and  India, 

Beloochistan. 

The  country  lying  south  of  Afghanistan. 
It  is  inhabited  liy  a  numU>r  of  independent  tribes,  of 
whom  the  Beloochees  are  the  principal.  Like  the 
Bedouin  Aralis,  they  are  a  mixture  of  hospitality 
and  ferocity ;  generous  and  hbcral  when  hailed  in 
their  tents,  but  blooil-thirsty  and  clandestine  on  the 
field. 

Kclat,  by  Maskid  River,  is  among  the  mountains, 
8,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Hindoostan. 

A  large  peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of 
Asia.  Sotod  for  its  great  fertility,  its  pi-culiar 
religion,  the  suix-istitious  character  of  its  inhabitants, 
and  for  its  great  aniiiiuity. 

The  Hindoo  has  the  skin  of  the  Negro,  with  the 
futures  of  the  F.iirop.  un.  'J'hey  are  extremely  super- 
stitious ;  servile  lo  sii|K'rior8,  cruel  to  their  women  and 
inferiors,  and  destitute  of  moral  honesty. 

Their  food  is  principally  rice,  which  is  raised  to  a 
great  extent. 

The  cotton  manufactures  of  this  country  have  long 
been  celebrated. 

Bennrcs,  460  miles  northwest  of  Calcutta,  on  tlie 
same  river,  is  one  of  the  most  populous  cities  of  In- 
dia, and  noted  as  the  seat  of  learning,  and  as  a  sacred 
city ;  thousands  coming  from  various  parts  of  Asia 
to  end  their  days  within  its  environs,  regarding  it  as 
the  sure  gate  to  paradise.  It  is  a  great  mart  for 
diamonds. 


mmam-^ 


formed,  and  like  the  Dutch, 

ied,  is  at  the  foot  of  the 

;al,  is  on  a  fertile  plain  in 

turp,  and  noted  for  delicious 

f  ancient  Perslpolis. 

■  of  Pt.rnia,  is  the  resort  of 

ir  flic  worr-hippcrs. 

X  of  I  rack,  in  the  summer 

y  of  importance, 
(jaspian,  and  near  the  line 
is  a  strong  fortress. 

Luistan. 

lies  between  Persia  and 

1  and  watlike  race ;  hospita- 
to  their  most  bitter  enemies. 

cr,  is   elevated   6,000   feet 

h  Mountains. 

c  capital  of  Cabul. 

ind  River,  is  the  principal 

item  part  of  Afghanistan,  is 
1  Persia  and  India. 

ichistan. 

;  south  of  Afghanistan, 
jcr  of  independent  trilics,  of 
e  the  principal.  Like  the 
re  a  mixture  of  hospitality 
and  liberal  when  hailed  in 
rety  and  clandestine  on  the 

'er,  is  among  the  mountains, 
el  of  the  sea. 

ioostaii. 

in  the  southern  part  of 

great   fertility,    its    peculiar 

s  character  of  its  inhabitants, 

y. 

"skin  of  the  Negro,  with  the 

I.   'I'bey  are  cxirrracly  super- 

ors,  cruel  to  their  women  and 

f  moral  honesty. 

Uy  rice,  which  ia  raised  to  a 

ires  of  this  country  have  long 


orthweat  of  Calcutta,  on  the 
'  most  populous  cities  of  In- 
nt  of  Icarnini;,  and  as  a  sacred 
T  from  various  parts  of  .Xsia 
1  it.s  environs,  regarding  it  as 
isc.    It  ia  a  great  mart  for 


ASIA, 

Of  o-cms  and  diamonds  read  her  story  o'er, 
Of  pilgrims  dying,  and  of  Bramin  lore. 

Pat'  na  is  on  the  Ganges,  none  can  beat  her. 
Or  match  her  for  her  opium  and  saltpetre. 

Del'-hi,  once  capital  of  Hindoo  rule, 
On  Jumna  branch,  is  known  to  every  school. 

Cash-mere',  whose  shawls  are  of  the  Thibet  goat, 
Stands  north  of  all,  a  city  of  much  note.  • 
La-hore'  from  Cashmere  south,  o'er  Pun-jab  shrouds 
With  Ara-rit-sir',  beneath  her  sunny  clouds,  (ceer) 

Su-rat',  Bom-bay',  Go'-a,  and  Man-ga-lore, 
Are  found  upon  Hindoostan's  western  shore. 
While  south  and  east,  Ma-dras'  and  Pon-di-cher'-ry 
Along  the  Cor-o-man' -del  coast  may  tarry. 

Nitgpoor'  in  the  inteiior  writes  her  name, 
Where  Hy-dra-bad'  'mid  sparkling  diamonds  flame. 

Farther  India. 

As  Ir-ra-wad' -da  roils  her  billows  south, 
A'va  is  found  five  hundred  up  her  mouth. 
As  Um-me-ra-poo'-ra  north  of  this  is  seen, 
Pe-gu'  is  on  the  Delta  of  the  stream. 
South  of  Pe-gu',  where  trade  and  commerce  bloom. 
On  the  sam£  tide,  behold  the  fair  Ran-goon', 

Ban'-kok  is  o'er  Siam  a  toAvn  of  note. 
On  bamboo  rafts  one  half  the  houses  float. 

Cam-bo'-dia's  capital  is  called  Sai-gon'; 
Beside  Cambodia's  mouth  she  takes  her  throne. 

Hue,  o'er  Co'-chin  China,  next  is  seen,  (oo-a') 
Well  fortified,  and  near  the  Ghilf  Ton-qvin'. 

On  the  peninsula's  southern  coast  or  shore, 
Malacca  reigns,  with  one  called  Sin-ga-pore'. 

J-^arther  India  comprises  a  territory  of  about  900,000  square 
miles,  and  has  a  population  of  20,000,000. 

The  elephant  here  attains  his  greatest  size,  and  is  found  in 
large  numbers.  The  white  elephant  is  highly  valued,  and  in 
Siam  and  Uirmah  is  an  object  of  religious  worship. 

The  Siamese  arc  discrilicd  as  destitute  of  courage  and  moral 
honesty ;  and  as  being  lazy  and  sluggish  in  tlieir  habits.  They 
are  puffed  up  with  a  national  pride,  and  consider  it  a  great  dis- 
grace to  Ih!  in  the  employ  of  an  European. 

The  governments  of  all  these  states  arc  absolute  despotisms. 
The  throne  and  person  of  the  sovereign  is  approached  with  the 
profoundest  awe  by  the  nobles  and  officers  of  state,  who  pros- 
trate themselves  before  him,  with  their  faces  to  the  earth. 

Females  are  not  restricted  here  to  the  rigid  customs  of  most 
Asiatic  countries.  Their  faces  arc  not  veiled,  or  their  company 
excluded  from  the  other  sex. 


53 

Patna  is  noted  for  its  saltpetre  and  opium. 

Cashmere  is  noted  for  its  shawls. 

Hydrabad,  or  Golconda,  is  noted  for  diamonds. 

Farther  India. 

A  large  peninsula  south  of  Thibet.  Noted 
for  its  large,  numerous,  and  majestic  rivers,  and  for 
great  fertility. 

It  comprises  the  Empire  of  Birmah  and  Assam ; 
the  kingdom  of  Siam  and  the  British  possessions. 

AvA,  the  capital  of  Birmah,  is  on  the  Irrawadda. 

Pegu  is  on  the  Delta  of  the  Irrawadda. 

Bankok  is  the  capital  of  Siam.  It  is  noted  for 
its  floating  houses,  built  on  bamboo  rafts. 

Hue,  capital  of  Cochin  China,  is  a  fortified  town 
near  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin. 

Vale  of  Cashmere. 

Cashmere  is  a  beautiful  vale  of  the  Him- 
maleh  Mountains,  in  the  northern  part  of  Hindoo- 
Btan.  It  is  elevated  8,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea;  and  enjoys  a  climate  unequalcd  in  mildness,  save 
by  the  "  Evergreen  Quito,"  which  it  resembles.  It 
was  not  long  since  in  the  possession  of  the  Afghans ; 
from  whose  rule  it  passed  to  that  of  iiunjeet  Sing. 

The  beauties  of  the  Vale  of  Cashmere,  are  por- 
trayed in  the  following  graphic  and  glowing  lines 
from  Moore's  Lalla  Rookh : 

Who  has  not  heard  of  the  Vale  of  Cashmero, 
With  its  roses,  the  brighiest  that  earth  ever  gave, 

Its  temples  and  grolloes,  niul  fouiuaiiis  as  clear 
As  the  love-lighted  eyes  thai  hang  over  their  wove? 

Oh !  to  see  it  at  sunset,— when  warm  o'er  the  Lake 

lis  splendor  at  parting  a  summer  eve  throws, 
Like  a  bride  lull  of  blushes,  when  litigering  lo  take 

A  last  look  at  her  mirror  at  night  ere  she  goes ! — 
When  the  shrines  through  the  foliage  are  gleuining  half 

shown. 
And  each  hallows  the  hour  by  some  rites  of  its  own. 
Here  the  music  of  pray'r  from  a  minaret  swells, 

Here  the  magi.in  his  urn  full  of  perfume  is  swinging, 
And  here,  at  ihe  iiltnr,  a  zone  of  sweet  bells 

Round  the  waist  of  some  lair  Indian  dancer  is  ringing. 
Or  sec  it  by  moonlight,— when  mellowly  shines 
The  light  oVr  its  palaces,  nurdi'iis  and  shrines; 
When  the  watcr-liills  gleam  like  a  quick  full  of  stars. 
And  the  nightingale's  hymn  from  the  Isle  of  Chenars 
Is  broken  by  laughs  and  light  e-hocs  of  lent 
From  the  cool,  shining  walks  where  tlie  joung  people 

meet ; — 
Or  at  morn,  when  the  iringic  of  dnylighl  awakes 
A  new  wonder  iiieli  minute,  as  slowly  it  breaks; 
Hills,  cupolas,  foiinlains,  eall'd  forth  every  one 
Out  of  darkness,  as  hi.'y  were  just  bom  of  the  Sun. 
When  the  Spirit  of  Frngrnnee  is  up  with  the  day, 
From  his  Ilaram  of  niglit-flowers  stealing  away  ; 
And  the  wind,  lull  of  wantonness,  woos,  like  a  lover, 
The  young  aspen  trees,  till  they  tremble  all  over. 
When  the  Fast  is  ns  warm  as  the  light  of  first  hopes, 

And  Hay,  wilh  its  banner  of  radiance  unfuri'd, 
Chines  in  through  the  mnuntninous  portal  tlialopes 

Sublime,  from  that  valley  of  bliss  lo  the  world,   ' 

PRONUNCIATION. 

Thibet  rib'-et 

Pharphar,      Far-far 
Chen  Yang,  Shen-  Yang 
Bakou,  Ba-koo 


Indigrica,  lit-di-gre'-ca 

Balkh,  Balk 

.Araby  Ar'-a-be 

Caucassus,  Cau-cash'-iu 


mmmmmmimm^rMmai 


A   F   B   I    C  A 


Suez,  a  town  of  Ejj'pl,  on  th«  lonthern  pari  of  the  lathmus,  at  the  head  of  the  Red  ?ea,  and  surrounded  by  a  desert,  is  im- 
portant as  a  caravan  post  between  Egypt  and  Arabia;  also  for  lying  on  the  route  of  the  British  overland-mail,  to  Bombay., 

Africa  is  noted  for  the  dark  complexion  and  degraded  condition  of  its  inhabitants ; 
for  its  burning  climate ;  its  vast  desertS;  and  its  unknown  and  unexplored  interior. 


Capes. 

Guar-daf'-ut  Cape  and  Orf'-ui,  part  the  tides ;  [orf-we 
With  Bed^Miin  and  Cape  Bas-ta,  besides.  [Bed-oo-win. 

Then  Cape  Detsatdo,  east  of  Mo-zam-bique'; 

Of  Co-ri-eniea'  let  Mon-omn-ta'-pa  speak. 

Cape  Ain-bro  's  north  of  Madagascar  Isle, 

Wnile  to  the  south,  St.  Mary  lives  the  while. 

And  south  of  all,  Gm>d  Hope  nods  o'er  the  brine, 
In  thirty-five  degrees  below  the  line. 

Si-er'-ra  Fri'-o  and  the  Nurthwext  Point, 
Are  of  Cim-be'-bas,  as  you're  well  acquaint. 
Cape  Le'-do,  of  Angola  pass,  and  tlien 
Coast  Castk  and  Three  Points,  of  Guinea,  scan. 
Pal-nuu  and  Mes-u-ra'-do  west  of  tlieso, 
In  fair  Liberia,  smile  above  tlio  soas. 

Cape  Verde,  of  Gambia  ;  while  Sa-kafu'.i  shore 
Has  nian'-m,  Bar'-bos,  and  Cnpe  Ba.ja-dore' . 

Cape  Spar'tel,  near  the  Straits,  mid  last  in  song, 
And  north  of  all,  near  Tunis  throned  is  Bun, 

PRONUNCIATION. 

Ouardafui,       Oar-daf'-wee  I  Orfui,  Orf'-wee 

Bedotiin,         Bed-oo-ween'  |  Bassa,  Bos-saw' 


Rivers. 

The  Mediterranean  sups  the  river  Nik, 
Whose  waves  o'er  Nu'-bi-a  and  Eg)'pt  smile; 

'i'he  Sen-e-gat,  the  Gani-hi-a  and  the  Grande, 
Boil  up  from  Seneganibia's  burning  sand. 

As  Mes-ur-a'-do  bids  Liberia  thrive, 
In  Guinaa,  U-pos  and  For-nw-isa  live ; 

And  Ni-ffcr  here  from  Guinea  rolls  her  tides, 
Ami  with  Gu-boon',  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  glides. 

'I' ween  Congo  and  Lo-au'-go,  Congo  swells 
From  Ethiopia's  soorclied  and  unknown  fields. 

Co-an'-za'ii  waves  north  of  Ueii-guc'-la  course, 
As  on  her  southern  limits  roais  the  Noursc. 

The  Orange,  from  South  Africa  we  track; 
While  in  Cape  Colony  boils  up  the  Zacli. 

Southward,  the  Gmi'-ritz  turns,  bubbling  forever; 
As  eastward  of  the  (-Jape  is  Great  Fish  River. 

ZdiH-heye'  southeastward  drives  from  Mo-zam-bique', 
And  bids  her  breakers  the  broad  (Jhannel  seek. 

Dark  Mit-ru-.iu'-rtt  sleeps  in  Zan'-gue-bar, 
Where  farther  north  O-zct'  provides  a  lair ; 

And  last  of  all,  from  Abyssinia's  shores, 
In  UalM'l-Maii'-del  Strait,  fair  Zc-lia  roars. 


(64) 


M^AiVR      -  —      ■*---     ■ 


^'i^^^m^ti^Tf' i"h- -at  > 


rrouiidfil  by  a  desert,  is  im- 
rland-mail,  to  Bombay., 

of  its  inhabitants ; 
explored  interior. 

iver  Nile, 
Egj'pt  smile ; 
and  the  Grande, 
ing  Fund, 
thrive, 
■na  live ; 
,  rolls  her  tides, 
of  Guinea  glides. 
,  Congo  swells 
iiknown  fields. 
eii-gnc'-Ia  course, 
he  Ninirsc. 
ic.a  we  track ; 
the  Zack. 

IS,  huhhling  forever ; 
at  Fish  Rifcr. 
's  from  Mo-inm-hique', 
Channel  seek. 
Zun'-gue-bur, 
ides  a  lair ; 
ia's  sliores, 
c-lia  roars. 


AFRICA 


55 


TOWNS    AND    COUNTRIES. 
liarbary    States. 

The  Barbarv  States  include  Morocco,  AlgierB,  Tunis,  Tripoli  and  Barca ;  or  that  portion  of  Africa 
north  of  the  «■  Sahara,  and  west  of  ^gypt     It  .s  ,iistingui«hed  tor  the  nun.ber  of  ifs  noxious  an^mo's 

as   he  scorpion,  serpents  ot  a  deadly  venom,  the  hyena,  the  Nuiridian  lion,  and  the  destructive  locust  """"»'«• 

Aral     '7  B    be  '"""'  '"'''  """^  «^'«n«^e'y  engaged  in  piracies.     The  present  inhabitants  are  Mooib,  Jews, 


Morocco. 

Morocco,  near  Mount  Atlas,  holds  her  reign  ; 
Unfolded  on  a  smooth  and  fertile  plain. 

Fez,  for  her  learning,  once  could  boast  with  pride*; 

Southwest  from  Fez,  is  Me'-qtii-nez  espied. 

The  largest  ports,  Ba-bat'  and  Mogadore', 
Are  found  along  Morocco's  western  shore  ; 

Where  European  consuls  take  their  fare, 
Clos<!  by  Gibraltar  Straits,  is  found  Tan-gier'  ; 

Known  for  her  pirates  once,  behold  Sal-lee  ! 
That  keeps  her  station  by  the  roaring  sea 

Algflers. 

Oran  and  Bona  in  Algiers  arise  ; 
The  last,  for  coral  fisheries,  we  prize. 

There  Con-stan-ti'-na  smiles  in  antique  mood. 
And  old  Algiers  boasts  of  her  pirate  blood. 

Tunis. 

Tunis  southwest  the  Carthagenian  throne. 
In  Tunis  reigns  superior  and  alone. 

Kair-wan',  from  Tunis  south,  famed  for  her  mosque, 
Finds  an  abode  upon  the  Barbary  coast. 

Tripoli. 

And  Trip'-o-li,  in  Tripoli  we  scan  ; 
Where  from  the  interior  comes  the  caravan. 

Barca. 

On  Barca's  northern  shore,  is  seated  Derne  ; 
Cy-re'-ne's  tombs  with  wonder  there  we  learn. 

Darfoor. 

And  in  Dar-foor',  Cob-be'  as  monarch  reigns, 
Where  laughs  Tam-bul',  above  her  fertile  plains. 

Fezzan. 

With  Germa,  o'er  Fezzan'  Mour-zouk'  may  shroud, 
Mourzouk  is  compassed  round  by  walls  of  mud. 


Morocco. 

In  the  northwestern  part  of  Africa  The 
Mauritania  of  the  ancients ;  embracing  Morocco  Fez, 
and  Tanfilet  ' 

The  govfirnment  is  an  absolute  despotism.  Agri- 
culture  is  neglected,  and  the  only  manufacture  is 
morocco  leather,  made  of  goat  skins. 

Morocco,  the  capital,  is  on  a  fertile  plain,  twelve 
miles  from  Mount  Atlas. 

Tangier  is  noted  as  the  residence  of  most  of  the 
European  Consuls. 

Algiers. 

The  ancient  Numidia ;  situated  east  of 
Morocco.  It  is  the  most  fertile  and  healthy  of  the 
Barbary  States.  Noted  for  the  coral  fishery  on  its 
coast. 

It  was  invaded  and  conquered  in  18.S0,  by  France, 
and  is  now  a  part  of  the  French  dominions. 

Algierj!,  once  called  the  Pirate  Nesi,  is  built  on  a  hill. 

Tunis. 

The  ancient  Africa  Propria.  Noted  as  the 
seat  of  ancient  Carthage,  so  long  the  rival  of  Rome. 

The  government  is  more  liberal,  and  the  people 
more  civilized  than  any  of  the  other  States. 

Tuxis  is  noted  as  lieing  the  capital,  and  as  lying 
near  the  site  of  ancient  Carthage. 

Tripoli 

The  ancient  Tripolis ;  it  is  a  dry,  sparsely 
populated  country;  fertile  on  the  coast,  but  mostly 
desert  elsewhere. 

It  is  the  weakest  of  the  Barbary  States ;  but  ita 
inhabitants  are  among  the  most  civilized. 

It  abounds  in  ruins  and  relics  of  past  ages. 

Barca. 

The  ancient  Lybia ;  it  was  once  famed  for 
its  three  crops  a  year,  but  is  now  mostly  a  desert  It 
once  contained  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon. 

Darfoor. 

A  large  oasis  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Sahara.  The  inhabitants  are  Mahonunedans.  The 
government  is  a  rank  despotism. 

Fezzan. 

The  largest  oasis  in  the  world.  It  is  south 
of  Tripoli,  to  which  country  it  belongs. 


^jj^ 


GEOGRAPHY, 


Pyramids  oiid  Spbynx. 

The  Pyramids  of  Egypt  are  among  the  most  remarkable  works  of 
antiouity  They  are  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river  Nile,  and  about 
forty  in  number.  The  largest  Is  five  hundred  feet  high,  and  728  feet 
at  the  base.  The  Sphynx  is  a  monster  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock,  hav- 
ing the  head  of  a  man  and  the  body  of  a  lion.  It  is  one  hundred  and 
twenty  five  feet  in  length.    Il  is  now  mostly  buried  in  the  tand. 

Ffur  Cai-ro  and  Ro-set'-ta  standing  where 
Egyptian  ruins  cloud  the  middle  air  : 
There  Thebes  and  Alexandria  lie  unfurled, 
The  dim  resemblance  of  an  ancient  world. 

Senna  Gambia. 

Temboo,  St.  Louis,  Bathurst  and  Kem-i-noo', 
In  Senna  Gambia  stand  in  open  view. 
The  first  is  capital,  the  chief  of  all, 
The  next,  on  Senegal,  belongs  to  Gaul. 

Sierra  I^eone. 

In  Sier'-ra  Le'-one,  Freetown  let  us  write, 
Reformed  and  christianized  from  heathen  night. 

lilberia. 

Mon-ro'-via,  in  Liberia  we  see. 
Where  Afric's  sons  are  numbered  with  the  free. 

Guinea. 

In  Guinea  stand  Bi-af '-ra  i;nd  Be-nin', 
There  Ab'-o-mey — a  pagan  rude  is  seen. 
Coo-mas'-sie,  where  Ashantee's  tribes  abide. 
And  push  their  conquests  round  on  every  side. 

lioango  and  Congo. 

Lo-an'-go,  on  Loango's  coast  unfolds. 
And  Con' -go's  skies  St.  Salvador  beholds. 
The  last  is  throned  upon  a  mountain  high. 
And  famed  for  health  beneath  a  cloudless  sky. 


.    Bgjrpt. 

One  of  the  most  celebrated  countries  of 
antiquity,  the  cradle  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  the 
scat  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Phar.iohs,  is  situated  in  the 
valley  of  the  Nile,  in  the  noitheaHtcrixpart  of  Africa. 

It  is  now  noted  for  its  ?»■•".. i„l.-.«  "'vis,  tlint  attest 
its  former  greatness. 

It  is  at  present  the  seat  of  a  new  and  prosperous 
kingdom,  under  Mahomined  Ali,  who  has  lately  in- 
troduced European  arts,  learning  and  civilization 
into  the  kingdom. 

GiiANii  U.*ino  is  the  largest  city  of  Africa,  and 
is  the  residence  of  the  Pacha  of  Egypt. 

Rosetta,  Thebes  and  Alexandria,  are  all  noted  for 
the  remarkable  ruins  found  in  their  vicinities. 

Senna  Gambia. 

A  well  watered  and  productive  country, 
south  of  the  Great  Desert. 

The  climate  is  hot  and  fatal  to  Europeans. 

The  English,  French  and  Portuguese  have  settle- 
ments on  the  coast. 

Temboo  is  tltc  capital. 

St.  Louis  is  claimed  by  France. 

Sierra  Leone. 

Established  by  Great  Britain,  1787,  for  the 
purpose  of  Christianizing  the  natives. 

The  colony  contains  about  18,000  inhabitants; 
mostly  negroes,  taken  from  slave  ships. 

Freetown  is  a  missionary  station,  established  by 
Great  Britain,  1785. 

Liberia. 

Formerly  an  American  colony— now  an  in- 
dependent republic.  It  was  colonized  in  1821;  he- 
came  independent  in  1847. 

Monrovia,  the  capital,  was  founded  by  the  Amer- 
ican Colonization  Society,  1820. 

Ouinea. 

Comprises  the  kingdoms  of  Ashiintee,  Da- 
homey, IJenin,  &c.  Noted  lor  its  burning  climate. 
The  coast  is  divided  into  the  Grain,  Ivory,  and  Gold 
coast. 

CooMAssiE,  the  largest  tovm  in  Guinea,  is  the 
capital  of  Ashantcc,  the  most  powerful  kingdom  in 
the  West  of  Africa. 

Abomey  is  but  a  large  collection  of  huts.  Barbar- 
ism  and  paganism  exist  hert>  in  their  most  hideous 
shapes. 

LoEuigo,  Congo,  Angola,  an  i  Benguela. 

LoANGO  is  about  400  miles  in  extent.  The 
climate  is  said  to  be  salubrious.      The  coast  is  high. 

Co:»oo  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  .^'lantic ; 
on  the  east  by  lofty  mountains. 

.\n-ooi,a  is  resorted  to  by  slave  vessels,  to  procure 
slaves  from  its  coast. 

Benouela.— The  coast  is  extremely  unhealthy. 


!>t. 

ebratcd  countrios  of 
1  arts  and  sciences,  the, 
'haraohs,  is  situated  in  the 
)itheaiitcrt\,piirt  of  Africa. 

rvn. !,-•'»  -.'■;. iSj  tlint  attest 

of  a  new  and  prospcroxis 
1  Ali,  who  has  lately  in- 
Icurning  and   civilization 

iirgcst  city  of  Africa,  and 
la  of  Egypt. 

xandria,  are  all  noted  for 
in  their  vicinities. 

Gambia. 

1  productive  country, 

fatal  to  Europeans. 

id  Portuguese  have  settle- 


France. 

eone. 

t  Britain,  1787,  for  the 

he  natives. 

ibout  18,000  inhabitants; 

1  slave  ships. 

jry  station,  established  by 


eria. 

:nn  colony — now  an  in- 
as  colonized  in  1821;  lie- 

r. 

was  founded  by  the  Amer- 
,  1820. 

Inea. 

doms  of  Ashnntee,  Da- 
cil  tor  its  burning  climate, 
the  Grain,  Ivory,  and  Gold 

it  town  in  Guinea,  is  the 
most  powerful  kingdom  in 

;ollection  of  huts.  Barbar- 
hcrt  in  their  most  hideous 


igola.  an;!  Beuguela. 

3  miles  in  extent.     The 
)riou3.      The  coast  is  high, 
the  west  by  the  Aiantic ; 
1  tains, 
by  slave  vessels,  to  procure 

st  is  extremely  unhealthy. 


AFRICA, 


67 


South  Africa. 


Cape  Tiiwii. 

Cape  Town,  in  Capii  Colony,  on  ihe  yxtreme  southern  shore  of 
Arrion.  wan  foundcil  by  the  Duich  in  16,50,  ami  is  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  Grent  Mriinin.  Ii  is  the  great  half-way-house  for  vessels  in 
the  China  or  India  trmlc. 

Cape  Town,  within  Cape  Colony  is  found, 
Where  vessels  stop  when  to  the  Indies  bound. 
And  from  Cap;  Town,  northeast,  we  likewj.se  view 
Kur-re-chan-ee',  Ma-show',  and  Lat-ta-koo'. 

Mozambique. 

In  Mo-zam-bique',  holds  Mozambique  her  rule. 
Which  with  So-fa'-la's  owned  by  Portugal. 

There  Quil-li-mane'  and  In-ham-bane'  behold 
Where  Lisbon  trades  for  ivory,  slaves  and  gold. 

Zan§ruebar. 

In  Zan'-guc-bar,  dark  Mag-a-dox'-a  breathes, 
And  there  Me-Iin'-da  with  Quil-lo'-a  lives. 

Adel. 

And  A' -del  and  Ber-be'-ra  both  appear, 
V/'  ere  Adel's  plains  their  tawny  bosoms  rear  : 
For  gums  and  frankincense,  and  costly  myrrh, 
These  both  are  known  and  chronicled  afar. 

Abyssinia. 

And  Mas'-sua,  Gon'-dor,  and  one  Ax'-um  throng, 
Where  Abyssinia's  doors  are  round  them  hung. 
As  Axum  spreads  her  ruins  to  the  day ; 
Qondor  is  on  a  hill,  and  built  of  clay. 

Nubia. 

And  Sen'-na-ar,  Shen'-di,  and  Mer-a'-weh  smile 
With  Derr  in  Nubia,  on  the  flowing  Nile. 
Meraweli's  famed  <br  temples,  near  her  border. 
Shendi  for  pyramids  of  ancient  order. 

As  by  the  Nile  Dongola  mounts  the  throne  ; 

Ip-sam'-b«l  for  her  temple  well  is  known. 


I  South  Africa. 

Comprises  Cape  Colony,  Caffraria,  the  Land 
of  the  HoUentol.s,  and  the  District  of  the  tioshuanos. 
I  ('npo  ( ,'olony  was  flctt!e<l,  in  1 650,  by  the  Dutch, 
1  and  is  now  in  the  jws.'Wssion  of  Great  Britain. 
I  Cakkiiauia,  or  the  Covxtht  of  the  CArrRxs, 
I  extends  about  6.iO  miles  along  the  eastern  coast  of 
I  South  Africa. 

I  The  Calfres  are  a  mixture  of  Ihe  Arab  and  Negro. 
They  po.sscss  vigorous  constitutions,  have  brown 
complexions,  with  features  of  an  European  cast 

Thk  UrsHMKX.or  Wiui  HirrTKNToxs, are  among 
the  most  (lep-aded  of  the  human  siwcics.  They  have 
sharp,  fierce-looking  features,  and  a  wild  expression  in 
their  eyes.  'Hiey  wander  about  without  any  fixed 
habitation,  subsisting  on  roots,  toads,  lizards,  grass- 
hoppers, &c. 

Mozambique. 

A  large  country,  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Africa,  claimed  by  Portugal.  Its  trade  is  ivory,  slaves 
and  gold. 

Mozambique,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  ports  on  the 
coast  of  Mozambique,  are  in  th->  possession  of  the 
Portuguese,  who  hold  a  trafiic  with  tlie  natives  for 
ivoiy,  gold  and  slaves. 

Zanguebar. 

A  .marshy,  unhealthy  country,  that  abounds 
in  elephants,  crocodiles  and  venomous  serpents. 

Adel  and  Berbera. 

AdeljWestof  Berbera,  is  imperfectly  known. 
Berbera  is  the  most  eastern  part  of  Africa,  and  no- 
ted fo.'  gums  and  spices. 

Adel  and  Berbkra,  the  chief  towns,  are  noted  for 
their  frankincense  and  rich  gums. 

Abysainia. 

The  ancient  Ethiopia,  is  an  uneven  country, 
intersected  by  ranges  of  high  mountauis.  The  soil 
in  the  valleys  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  is  mild  and 
aalubrious. 
The  inhabitants  arc  a  cruel  and  licentious  race, 
Axum  is  noted  for  monuments  and  ruins ;  fpopog 
which  are  40  obelisk."! ;  one  80  foet  high, 

Nubia. 

A  rocky,  sandy, desert  country, where  pillars 
of  sand  are  Bci^n  moving  in  the  wind,  and  where  the 
poisonous  simoom  blows.  It  belongs  to  the  Pacha 
of  Egypt. 

Near  Mcraweh  are  a  number  of  temples,  adtmed 
with  soulptures.  hieroglyphics.  &c.  One  of  these, 
the  largest,  is  450  feet  in  length  and  160  in  width. 

Near  Shendi  are  upward  of  40  pyramids,  supposed 
by  many  to  be  older  than  those  of  Egypt. 

DownoLA,  on  the  Nile,  is  the  capital. 

Ipsambul  is  noted  for  a  temple  of  immense  piopor- 
tion,  excavated  out  of  the  solid  rock.  It  is  adorned 
with  colonial  statues  and  painted  sculptures. 


8 


ilk 


58 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY 


Central  Aflrlca. 

Near  Niger's  banks  Tim-buc'-too  finds  a  spot, 

For  caravans  a  place  of  great  resort. 
Se-go'  and  Jena  both  are  towns  of  trade, 
Southwest  from  this,  beside  the  Niger  laid. 

From  Niger  east,  some  hundred  miles  or  more. 
Is  Sack-a-too',  the  first  in  size  and  power. 

The  commerce  of  Africa,  Arabia,  and  many  other  parl«  of  Asi«, 
i«  carried  on  by  means  of  caravans.  The  camel  iitheonlyaiiiinalthnt 
can  endure  lh«  scorcliinR  heat  of  the  sandy  deserts.  A  caravan 
lomeumes  consists  of  2U0U  camels,  and  as  many  persoiu. 


Soodan,  or  Central  Africa. 

Soodan,  or  Nigritia,  Bomctimes  called  Cen- 
tral Afnca,  is  imperfectly  linovrn.  It  includes  all 
south  of  the  Great  Desert,  and  north  of  Ethiopia. 

TiMRUCToo,  once  wipposad  to  l>c  a  large  city,  is 
found  to  be  bat  u  mens  collection  of  huts. 

Oreat  Desert. 

The  Great  Desert  of  Sahara,  north  of  Soo- 
dan, is  3000  miles  long  and  more  than  1000  broad, 
contiiningover  1,800,000  square  miles.  Thu  immense 
ctpanso  is  nearly  all  covered  with  sand,  which  is 
blown  by  the  wind  in  moving  pillars,  scattering  death 
in  its  fearful  path. 


[Th*  Red  Sea,  viewed  from  Eas  Mnhoinmed,  on  tlic  southwest  coast  of  Arabia  Petrtea.) 

The  Red  Sea  is  a  large  inlet  or  hay.  communicatinirwilli  the  Indian  Oceiin  by  the  Straitof  Bol)cl-Mnndel  and  the  Gulf  of  Aden. 
Its  length  is  about  1400  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  ao(».    This  sea  is  liounded  on  the  cast  by  Arabia ;  on  the  west  by  Egypt. 

It  is  still  memorable  for  the  wonderful  passaifi!  .inrt  snfe  deliverance  of  the  children  uf  Isroel  through  its  waters)  and  for  the 
overthrow  of '.he  haughty  I'hnraoh  and  the  Ri;yptian  host. 

.  The  celebrated  Song  of  Miriam,  sinig  after  this  great  drama  (see  Exodus  xv.  20),  is  thus  paraphrased  by  Moore,  in  one  of  his 
roost  beautiful  and  melodious  strains. 

MIRIAM'S    SONO. 


SoDND  the  loud  timbrel  o'er  Egypt's  ilork  sea! 
Jehovah  has  triumph'd. — his  people  are  free. 
Sing — for  the  pride  of  the  tyrant  is  broken, 

His  chariots,  his  horsempn.al!  splonilid  and  brave — 
How  vain  was  their  boasting ! — The  Lord  hath  but  spoken, 

And  chariot  and  horseman  arc  sunk  in  the  wave. 
Sound  the  loud  timbrel  o'er  Kgypl's  dark  sea! 
'Jehovah  has  triumph'd,— his  people  are  free. 


Praise  to  the  Conqueror,  praise  to  the  Lord  I 

His  woril  wns  our  arrow,  his  breath  was  our  sword  !- 

Who  shall  return  lo  tell  Egypt  the  story 

Of  those  she  sint  forth  in  the  hour  of  her  pride? 
For  ilie  fjord  hath  look'd  out  from  his  pillar  of  glory. 

And  ull  her  brave  ibousands  are  dashed  in  the  tide. 
Sound  the  loud  timbrel  o'er  Egypt's  dark  sea! 
Jehovah  has  triumph'd, — his  people  are  free. 


,.M-JA^4feM^Wfe- 


sntral  Africa. 
sometimes  called  Cen- 
knuwn.     It  includes  all 
and  north  of  Ethiopia. 
Dsoi)  to  l>c  a  large  city,  is 
lection  of  huts. 

Desert. 

'  Sahara,  north  of  Soo- 
id  more  tlian  1000  broad, 
quare  miles.  This  immense 
ercd  with  sand,  which  is 
iig  pillars,  scattering  death 


Pelrtea.) 

Moiidel  and  the  Gulfof  Aden. 
itia ;  on  ihe  wcbi  by  Bgypt. 
ough  its  waters;  and  Tor  the 

eacd  by  Moore,  in  one  of  his 


■a  to  Ihe  I/oril '. 

breath  was  our  sword  I — 

t  ihc  s!ory 

e  hour  of  her  pride? 

"rom  his  pillar  nfglory, 

s  are  ditched  in  Ihe  tide. 

(■ypl'«  dark  fea! 

>eopIe  are  free. 


I    S    L  A   N    1)    S  . 


Chained  to  the  Arctic  sea  i.s  Greenland  found. 
Where  winttT  spreads  his  desolation  round. 
As  Disco  here  in  snowy  garb  is  dres.sed. 
Prince  William's  Land  from  Baffin's  Bay  is  west ; 
Houtliampton  keeps  in  Hudson's  ample  bay, 
While  west  of  all,  Sabine  and  Melville  lay. 
And  Newfoundland  from  Labrador  is  south. 
Where  the  St.  Lawrence  river  opes  her  mouth. 
Prince  Edwards  here,  with  Anticosti  keeps, 
With  one  Cape  Breton,  on  the  liquid  deeps. 
Long  Island  floats  upon  the  azure  wave, 
Wliere  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Nantucket  lave. 
Ber-mu-das  and  Ba-ha'-ma,  blooming  where 
Sweet  spring  distils  her  ever-balmy  air  ;       [smiles, 
Where  storms  and  earthquakes  frown,  and  verdure 
In  summer's  climes  lay  fair  West  India  Isles  ; 
Of  these  rich  Cuba  .sparkles  o'er  her  stand  ; 
Hay'-ti  and  Por-to  Rico  join  the  band  ;  [torn, 

Though  scorched  by  lightnings,  and  by  earthquakes 
Ja-mai'-ca  there  still  blushes  like  the  morn. 

Southeast  from  these,  and  smiling  on  the  tide, 
Ca-rib'-bee's  mounds  are  mantled  in  their  pride  ; 
There  Bar-ba-does'  and  fertile  Giia-da-loupe', 
With  Trin-i-dad',  stand  in  the  elfin  group  ; 
Jo-an'-nes  dwells  in  Am-a-zon's  broad  mouth, 
With  Mar-tin- Vas',  and  Sax-em-burg  more  south  ; 
Au-ro-ra  and  South  Georgia,  dismal  shores. 
Where  winter  with  his  blustering  tempests  roars ; 
And  Ter'ra  del  Fu-e'-go,  scorched  by  fire. 
With  Falk'-land,  'neath  the  storm's  impetuous  ire  ; 
South  Shet'-land  and  South  Ork'-ncy,  unexplored. 
With  Sand-wich  Land,  whose  names  we  scarce  afford ; 

And  St.  Hel-e'-na,  where  Napoleon  lay. 
Is  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa. 
As-cen'-sion  and  St.  Mat'-thew  northly  glow, 
With  one  St.  Thomas,  and  Fer-nan-doW; 
Cape  Verd,  from  Gambia  west,  comes  in  the  song. 
As  the  Canary  Isles  tx)  Spain  belong ; 
Madeira  there  with  sparkling  wine  cup  full, 
In  mountain  garb,  is  owned  by  Portugal  ; 
For  health  renowned,  then  comes  the  fair  Azores, 
Or  Western  Isles,  where  ocean's  dark  surf  roars. 


(JiiKKNLAvn  is  pn.lublv  t!i,<  lurRrst  island  in  the 
worl.l,  excepting  A.nv  ll,.ll,.,id ;  it  is  Icnown  to  ex- 
tend  mor.'  than  1,400  miles  north,  and  how  much 
lurther  is  unknown,  it  probably  roaches  to,  or  beyond 
the  pole,  and  form.s  an  Arctic  Continent  of  itsolt: 

Mki.vii.lk  is  iin!cd  its  havinf?  been  the  head  quar- 
ters of  Captain  I'arry,  tor  two  years. 

NKWr-inNni.vM)  is  noted  fur  the  greatest  codfish- 
eries  in  the  world.     It  belongs  to  Groat  Britain. 

Naxti-ckkt  is  noted  a.i  a  whaling  depot. 

I.oNo  I«i.\M.,  south  of  Connecticut,  is  noted  for 
its  fertility  of  soil. 

TiiK  Uaiiamas  and  IlKajfunAs,  are  noted  for 
their  salubrious  eliijiatc.  tit.  Salvador,  one  of  the 
Bahamas,  was  the  first  land  dis<-(.vered  by  Columbus. 

The  \Vi;sr  I.vi)n:.s  are  noted  for  their  weat 
fertility. 

CiJHA,  the  largest,  belongs  to  Sjwin ;  it  is  about 
800  miles  in  length,  with  au  average  width  of  75 
miles. 

Jamaica,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  West 
Indies,  is  subject  to  hurricanes,  earthquakes,  and 
dreadful  storms  of  thunder  and  lightning. 

JoANsKs  is  a  large  island,  lying  in  the  mouth  of 
the  Amazon. 

Tkhha  df.l  FiEoc),  or  tlie  land  of  fire,  is  a  cold, 
desolate  region,  inhabited  by  a  race  of  the  most  mis- 
erable savages. 

Sr.  Hklkxa  is  a  rocky  island  off  the  coast  of 
Africa.  It  is  noted  as  having  been  the  prison  of  Na- 
poleon, from  1815,  to  his  death,  1821.  His  body 
remained  there  till  1 840,  when  it  was  taken  to  France. 

Asc£Nsiox  is  noted  for  turtles. 

Cape  i>e  Veriiks  liave  a  hot,  unhealthy  climate. 

Tiir.  Canariks  are  noted  for  canary  birds,  and  the 
Peak  of  Tencriffe,  an  e.\tinct  volcano,  12,250  feet 
liigh. 

Tin  Azores  or  Western  Islands,  belonging  to 
Portugal,  are  noted  for  fertility  of  soil  and  salubrious 
climate. 

Madkira,  a  mountainous  island,  is  noted  for  fer- 
tility and  Madeira  wine. 

TiiK  Hehrmii:s  belong  to  Scotland,  they  are 
mostly  barren  and  sterile. 

The  8iiKTi,ANns,  north  of  the  Orkneys,  number 
in  all*about  100.     Thi^y  are  cold  and  barren. 

IcKi.ANn,  one  of  the  largest  islands  in  the  world, 
is  noted  for  Mount  Hecla.  and  its  geysers  or  springs 
of  hot  water.  The  climate  is  dreary  and  cold.  It  is 
owned  by  Denmark. 

Simtzbe«hen  is  the  most  northern  land  known; 
it  lies  between  the  77th  and  81st  degrees  of  north 
latitude.  On  its  coast  arc  found  whales,  sea-dogs, 
sea-cows,  sea-lions,  &c.  In  the  summer  the  sun  does 
not  set  for  three  months. 


(69) 


. 


MtigMi^feaijWiM^Mat^M^iamiiwMwiMi^ 


""ir 


«p»»« 


60 


POETICAL     GEOGRAPHY 


Great  Britain,  west  of  Europe,  tiikes  her  post ; 
And  Ireland  borders  on  her  wusleni  coast ; 
And  Fa'-roe,  Shet-land  and  tlie  Ork'-neys  gaze 
Still  further  north,  where  sleep  the  Hcb'-ri-des  ; 

Fu-en'  and  Zeal-and  east  of  Denmark  keep  ; 
Bom-holm  and  Ru'-gen  in  the  Baltic  sleep  ; 
O'-land  and  Goth-land  there  in  slumbers  lay, 
And  A'-land  gazes  o'er  the  Baltic  sea. 

or  the  Mediterranean. 

Mi-nor'-ca  and  Ma-jor'-ca,  east  of  Spain, 
With  Iv'-i-ca  assert  their  watery  reign ; 
Sar-din'-i-a  on  her  watery  throne  I  foimd, 
With  Cor'-si-ca,  her  sister,  by  her  crowned  ; 
Oy'-press  and  Can'-di-a  in  angelic  mien, 
With  Sic'-i-ly  in  the  same  bright  sea  are  seen. 
or  the  ArcUc  Ocean. 

The  foxes'  empire,  Nb-va  Zem-bla,  stands. 
And  o'er  the  pole  Spitz-her-gen  holds  her  hands. 

Of  the  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

Com-o'-ro  Isles,  Bour-bon,  and  Isle  of  France, 
With  Mad-a-gaa'-car,  from  the  waves  advance  ; 
And  Lac'-a-dives  and  Mal-dives  there  are  strown, 
With  Cha'-gos  Isles,  by  Indian  zephyrs  blown. 
South  of  Hindoostan  blooms  the  fair  Cey-lon', 
Known  for  her  costly  pearls  and  cinnamon ; 
HM-nan'  is  seated  in  the  gulf  Tonquin,  (ton-keen') 
From  China  east,  Formosa  Isle  is  seen. 
With  Ki-u-si-u  and  So-koke,  we  scan 
Niphon  and  Jesso,  islands  of  Japan. 
From  Niphon  north  behold  Saghalien  Isle, 
While  north  and  east  are  those  we  call  Kurilc, 

And  Bor'-ne-o  where  the  ourang-outang  is  found  : 
Whose  shores  with  forests  and  with  swamps  abound 
And  Cel'-e-bes,  where  herbs  of  poison  grow. 
And  reptiles  live,  stands  east  of  Bor'-ne-o  ; 
Sumatra  where  Mount  Ophir  towers  flic  while. 
As  Java  slumbers  a  volcanic  isle. 
Moluccas  for  their  spices  next  we  name. 
As  the  Philippine  Isles  are  owned  by  Spain. 

Australia,  Ocean's  first  born  offspring  stands. 
And  o'er  his  azure  empire  spreads  her  lands, 
New  Guinea  and  New  Zealand  there  are  lain. 
And  there  Van  Dieman's  Land  usurps  her  reign. 


Nova  Zkmdla  lies  north  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
It  is  diMlitute  oH  all  triircs  of  vegfUitioii,  kuvo  lichens 
and  ino8«'H.  Yet  on  ilK  Khores  ure  found  vast  num. 
bers  of  foxes,  while  bears,  walruses  and  seals. 

CunsicA,  100  miles  lung,  and  about  44  wide,  is 
noted  as  the  birlliplaec  of  Napoleon. 

Saroinia,  160  miles  long  and  60  wide,  is  rich  with 
minerals,  and  has  a  fertile  soil. 

SiriLT  was  once  railed  the  granary  of  Europe. 
It  is  the  largest  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  is 
noted  for  Mount  Etna. 

MAnACAseAii,  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  is  one  of 
the  largest  islands  in  the  world,  being  840  miles  long 
and  300  wide.  lis  inliiil)ilrtnl8  are  Arabs,  iNcgroes 
and  Malays.  'I'ho  soil  is  rich  and  fertile,  and  tlie 
climate  healthy. 

BouRBi)>  belongs  to  France.  It  contains  a  volca- 
no in  a  state  of  activity. 

The  FsLK  OK  FiiANCK,  or  Mal'uitias,  belongs  to 
Kngland.  It  is  noteil  for  a  lofty  mountain,  which  is 
crowneJ  by  a  high,  rocky  peak,  called  I'eter  Botte 
Mountain. 

Nkw  Ho[.t,Avn,  or  \isTnALiA,  is  the  largest 
island  in  the;  world,  having  an  area  of  3,.')()0,000 
Hquare  miles.  The  whole  of  this  vast  tract  of  land 
is  claimed  by  Oreat  Britain. 

The  natives  or  aborigines  of  this  island  are  proba- 
bly the  lowest  in  the  scale  of  any  that  belong  to  the 
human  family.  They  are  the  oidy  race  that  goes 
entirely  naked.  Their  Ibod  consists  of  fish,  snakes, 
snails,' worms,  lizards  and  all  kinds  of  loathsome 
reptiles. 

Van-Dieman's  Lamp,  situated  south  of  .Australia, 
is  noted  as  being  the  place  where  most  of  the  con- 
victs of  Great  Britain  are  now  banished.  The  popu- 
lation is  about  one  third  criminals. 

New  ZsALANn  became  a  part  of  the  British  Em- 
pire in  1840.  The  natives  arc  tall  and  well  formed, 
and  were  formerly  cannibals. 

Su.MATBA  is  noted  for  Mount  Ophir,  13,000  feet 
high.  The  Island  produces  large  quantities  of  cam- 
phor and  pepper. 

Java  Iwlongs  to  the  Dutch.  It  produces  coffee, 
sugar,  rice,  &c.  Batavia,  the  capital,  is  a  great  com- 
mercial emporium  for  the  trade  of  the  Dutch  in  the 
East. 

Cblkhks  is  noted  for  its  vast  number  of  venomous 
reptiles,  flies,  &c.,  that  annoy  the  inhabitants  to  such 
a  degree  that  they  are  compelled  to  build  their  houses 
on  posts,  to  prevent  their  intrusion. 

'l^HB  PnitippiNES  are  noted  for  terriliu  storms  of 
thunder  and  lightning. 

BoHXEo  is  one  of  the  largi-st  islands  in  the  world. 
Its  shores  are  Ix-sot  with  swamps  and  forests.  The 
orang  outang.  the  connecting  link  bitwecn  man  and 
the  lower  animals,  is  found  here. 

The  original  inhabitanU  of  the  Labhoses  have 
l)ecn  nearly  all  exterminated  by  the  Spaniards. 

The  CAiiotUfK  IsLANns  are  mostly  all  of  coral 
formation.  They  are  beat  by  a  temjiestuous  ocean, 
and  arc  subject  to  storms  and  hurricanes. 


rth  of  Europe  nnd  Asia. 
>{  vegcliitioii,  Kavo  licli<;ns 
Iu)rc8  uri!  found  vu.st  nuni- 
walruM!8  and  scalx. 

ig,  and  about  44  wide,  is 

Nupoloun. 

ig  and  GO  wide,  is  rich  with 

soil. 

J  the  granary  of  Europe. 

ihe  Mtxlitvrranean,  and  is 

coast  of  Africa,  is  one  of 

rorld,  living  840  miles  long 

iiitants  nre  Arabs,  Negroes 

rich  and   fertile,  and  t)ie 

ance.     It  contains  a  volca- 

or  M.U.11ITIAS,  belongs  to 
a  lofty  mountain,  which  is 
y  peak,  called  I'eter  Botte 

.fSTRALiA,  is  the  largest 
ing  an  area  of  3,.')(I0,000 
e  of  tikis  vast  tract  of  land 
n. 

cs  of  this  inland  are  proba- 
le  of  any  that  belong  to  the 
3  tho  only  race  that  goes 
od  consists  of  fish,  snakes, 
id  all  kinds  of  loathsome 

situated  south  of  A  ustralia, 
ace  where  most  of  the  con- 
now  banished.  The  popu- 
riminals. 

e  a  part  of  tho  British  Ern- 
es arc  tall  and  well  formed, 
als. 

r  Mount  Ophir,  13,000  feet 
;c8  large  quantities  of  cain- 

Jutch.  It  produces  coffee, 
,  the  capital,  is  a  great  com- 
le  trade  of  the  Dutch  in  the 

ts  vast  number  of  venomous 
moy  tho  inhabitants  to  such 
npcllcd  to  build  their  houses 
intrusion. 
I  noted  for  lerrilic  storms  of 

largest  islands  in  the  world, 
swamps  and  forests.     The 
cting  hnk  between  man  and 
nd  here. 

intH  of  the  Laiibo;«es  have 
atcd  by  the  Spaniards. 
NPS  arc  mostly  all  of  coral 
eat  by  a  tempestuous  ocean, 
3  and  hurricanes. 


ISLANDS. 


61 


The  Caroline,  where  reefs  of  coral  form, 
finive  the  rough  surf,  the  tempest  and  the  storm  ; 
Liidroncs  beneath  the  Spanish  yoke  are  bound, 
While  (iirther  north  the  Bonin  Isles  are  found ; 

The  Sandwich  Islands,  where  Moimt  Roa  keeps, 
And  where  Kirauea  flames  above  the  deeps. 
Where  Captain  Cook  was  by  the  natives  slant, 
Are  bound  together  in  the  coral  chain. 

Folded  in  Ocean's  arms,  the  Friendly  Isles, 
By  the  Society,  rear  up  their  piles ; 
Fair  Otaheite,  in  the  last  named  band, 
i^incs  like  an  Eden  in  a  fairy  land. 

Marquesas  Isles  are  in  the  burning  zone. 
South  of  the  line  with  those  called  Washington. 
Ju-an'  Fer-nan'-dez  sparkles  in  the  deeps. 
And  young  Chi-lo'-e  near  to  Chili  keeps  ; — 
As  Gal-a-pa'-gos  fronts  the  torrid  skies, 
Van-cou'-ver's  to  the  north  at  fifty  lies ;  (60°) 
And  farther  still,  Queen  Charlotte's  Isle  is  sown, 
Where  On-a-las'-ka  and  A-leu-tian  shone. 


The  Aleutian  Islands,  in  tho  North  Pacific,  belong  to  Russia. 
They  arc  about  forty  in  number,  and  contain  several  active  vol- 
cjinocs.  In  179.5  a  volcanic  island  rose  from  the  sea,  which,  in 
1807,  had  enlarged  to  twenty-one  miles  in  circumference. 

The  natives  of  these  islands  are  a  mild  race  of  savages,  who 
live  in  large  subterranean  houses,  which  frequently  contain  from 
100  to  ISO  persons. 


TiiK  Sandwich  Ihi.ind.h  arc  among  the  most 
iinport;uit  of  the  Pucdic.  The  native  inhabitants 
have  all  been  converted  to  the  Christian  religion. 


Olaheits. 

OtaheitR  "  the  gem  of  the  Pacific,"  is  the  largest  of  the 
Hoci'-ty  Ulniiils.  It*  oireumtKrence  is  about  109  miles. 
The  interior  rines  into  high  mouiiiaiiis,  tlie  siilcs  of  which 
are  covered  wiih  rich  verdure.  The  natives  of  thin  island 
are  tall  and  well  made;  they  have  lately  been  converted, 
by  the  eSorti  of  missionaries,  to  the  Christian  religion. 


Juan  Fernandez. 


Juan  Fernander.  was  formerly  noted  for  having  been 
the  soliiary  residence  of  Ale.xander  Selkirk  for  neveral 
years ;  from  which  event  sprung  the  celebrated  romance 
of  Kubinsoii  Crusoe.  It  has  been  desoribed  as  one  of  Ihe 
most  beautiful  islands  in  the  world. 


Ladies  of  the  Azores,  or  Western  Islands. 


iirimn»»fimi'.  I ii'itlil>»,iiiMit 


jjiiiiiiijiiiliMj 


■^■■■■1— — i^Wi 


MOUNTAINS. 


giinr  iimii 

icv-    ■                     ■'■""'-•-,€;.;*- 

W-^T? 

»     "  *''^^-'',%j»'- 

*^  VBk^^^^^^^diNAi>' 

— 

nrortb  America. 

The  Rocky  Mountains  join  in  airy  bands, 

O'er  British  soil  and  over  Yankee  lands. 

O'er  Mexico  and  Guatamala,  too, 

In  the  same  chain,  Cor-dil'-le-ras  we  view. 
As  Ozark  Mountains  in  Missouri  pile. 
In  Tennessee  is  Cumberland  the  while, 
N.  C,  Virginia,  Maryland  and  Penn., 

Are  bound  together  by  the  Blue  Ridge  chain. 

O'er  the  same  states,  except  the  state  N.  C, 

The  AUeghany  keeps  them  company. 

The  dark  Oreen  Mountains  in  Vermont  embower, 

And  the  White  Mountains  o'er  New  Hampshire  tower. 

Soutb  America. 

O'er  South  America  the  An'-des  rise, 
With  Chim-bo-ra'-zo  throned  above  the  skies. 
So-ra-to,  too,  tlie  highest  peak,  is  there  ; 
Bolivia  is  the  place  he  makes  his  lair. 

Europe. 

As  Scotia's  climes  the  proud  Ben  Ne'-vis  hails, 
With  Orampian  Hills  ; — Snowdon  is  found  in  Wales. 
With  huge  Cantabrian  and  Iberian  reign 
The  bolu  y--"<''-da  o'er  the  realms  of  Spain. 
Castile,  To-le-do,  and  Mo-ra'-na  steep, 
O'er  Spain  and  Portugal  their  sentries  keep. 

'Tween  France  and  Spain  behold  the  Py-ren-nees' ; 

The  proud  Ce-vennes'  in  France  the  traveler  sees, 

Au-vergne,  near  by,  spreads  out  his  rocky  line  ; 
As  the  Vosges  Mounts  are  west  the  rivei  Rhine  ; 


The  following  table  Hhows  the  length  of  the  prin- 
cipal rangea  of  Mountains : 

MILKK. 

Andes, 4,600 

Mexican  and  Rocky  Mountaina 5,500 

Whole  American  Chain, 10,000 

Altain  Mountains 5,000 

Mountains  of  the  Moon 8,000 

Ural  MountaiiiB, >  ,  ,»_ 

Atlas  Mountains 5  '•""" 

Dofrafield  Mountains, 1 ,000 

Oloiielz 1,000 

Alleghany, 900 

Alps 600 

Appcnines, 700 

Carpathian 500 

Green  Mountains, 350 

Pyrcnnees, 200 

The  following  shows  the  hight  of  some  of  the 
loftiest  peaks  of  Mountains : 

Fsirr. 

Churaularee, Thibet,  .    ,   29,000 

Sorato, Bolivia,  .    .    25,000 

Chimborazo Equador,  .    21, 44'! 

Hindoo  Koosh, Afghanistan,  20.HOO 

Cotopaxi,  a  volcano,  .  .  .  Equador,  .  1 8,890 
St  Elias,  highest  in  N.  A.,  .  Russian  Am.  17,900 
Popocatapetl,  highest  in  .  .  Mexico,  .  .  17,700 
Mt.  Blanc,  highest  in  Europe,  Italy,  .  .  .  l.'i.fSS 
Antisana  Farm  Mouse,  .  .  Equador,  .  14,300 
Mount  Etna,  volcano,  .    .    .    Sicily,  .    .     10,9S0 

Mount  Lebanon Syria,.    .    .10,000 

Mount  Sinai, Arabia,.    .    .  8,l(i8 

I'indus,  highest  in    ...    .    Greece,  .     .    7,677 

The  highest  inhabited  spot  in  Europe,  ii  the  Mo- 
nastery of  St.  Bernard,  in  the  pass  over  the  Great 
St.  Bernard  Mountain.  It  is  8,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Here  the  monks  entertain  all 
strangers  and  travelers  gratis,  for  ihrcc  days.  Dogs 
aie  BO  trained  that  they  arc  sent  out  in  the  ^rms  of 
snow,  to  rescue  Itenighted  travelers. 

In  South  America  we  find  lar^e  cities  excelling  the 
above.  They  are  mostly  on  the  table  lands  of  the 
Andes.     Quito  is  9,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 


(62) 


)  the  length  of  the  prin- 

MILE*. 

4,600 

ntaini,  .    .    . 

.  6,600 

10,000 

6,000 

.  8,000 

1  1,600 

.    1,000 

.    1,000 

.    900 

600 

700 

500 

asn 

.      200 

0  hight  of  some  of  tho 

PEKT. 

.    Thibet,  .    .    29,000 
.  Bolivia,  .    .   25,000 

,    .  Equador,  .    21,4411 
.    Afshanistan,  20.H00 
.     Equador,   .     18,890 

,  .    RusHiari  Am.  17,900 

.    Mexico,  . 
ipe,  Italy,  .    . 
.    Equador, 
.    Sicily,  . 
Syria,  . 
,    Arabia,  . 
.    Greece, 

.    17,700 
.    IS.fiS.'i 
.    14,300 
.     10,050 
.    .  10,000 
.    .  8,1  (i8 
.    7,677 

lot  in  Europe,  i^  the  Mo- 
the  pass  over  the  Great 
is  8,000  feet  above  the 
ho  monks  entertain  nil 
is,  for  tlirec  days.  Dogfi 
Bont  out  in  tlie  4orms  of 
avelers. 

I  larfje  cities  excelling  the 
>n  the  table  lands  of  tho 
t  above  the  level  of  the 


MOUNTAINS, 


As  Switzerland  claims  the  Alps—the  Ajt' -pen-ines 
O'tr  Italy  unfold  their  .snowy  shrines. 

On  Austrian  shores,  upon  tho  map  arc  traced 
Tlie  Erz' -ge-l^,(j,  with  the  Car-pa! -Ihi-an  braced. 

Ile'-mm  in  Turkey,  with  the  O-l^mf-pm  mound  ; 

While  proud  Par-nas-ms  Mount'm  Greece  is  found, 
^  The  Dof-fra-Jield  in  Norway,  and  between 
Norway  and  Sweden,  on  the  map  are  seen. 

0-leutz'  in  Finland,  while  the  V-ral  chain 
'Tween  Russia  and  Siberia  may  reign. 

Aula. 

In  Turkey  dwells  Tau'-rus  and  Lebanon  j 
As  Ar-a-rat'  is  there  on  his  high  throne. 

Ifu'-reb  and  Si'-nai.  in  their  grandeur  towel-, 
With  one  liam-le-ah,  on  the  Aral  .shore. 

Par-a-po-mi'aus  and  the  Eldwin  brood, 
With  Lou-rh-tan'  o'er  Persia's  neighborhood. 

The  Oon-do-ree'  and  Kind,  with  Hindoo  Koosh', 
O'er  Afghanistan  shores  their  shadows  push. 

Ilim-ma'-lch  Afountains  bound  Hindoostan  north  ; 

Hindoostan  is  the  place  where  aiund  has  birth. 

From  Thibet  north,  Ku-en'-len  Mountains  peer  ; 

In  Chinese  Tartary  the  Celestials  rear. 

Al-tay',  Sai-an'-skoi  and  the  Va-blo-noy' , 
Along  Siberia  south,  we  next  espy. 

Stan-voy'  is  east,  near  the  Pacific  coast, 
Where  O'-kotsk's  billows  round  their  feet  are  tossed. 

Africa. 

In  Barbary  the  Atlas  Mounts  belong  ; 
South  of  Nigritia  is  the  chain  called  Kong. 
Kong  Mountains  join  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon, 
In  Ethiopia,  'neath  the  burning  zone. 
The  Cam-e-roon',  in  Guinea  next  we  see  ; 
As  the  Snow  Mounts  are  in  Cape  Colony. 


m 

«a;  l,aPoz  12.000;  Ouanra  Velica  and  Poto«i 
reach  a«  hiRh  as  I.'l.OOO  or  14,000  feot;  and  the 
farm   house  of  Antiwnu,  !.,e   hiBl.est  mhabited  spot 

uifS"'"'''"""'^ '■'"''""'  "  ""'  '''«'*' "^ 

'rhe  sublimest  mountain  soenerv  in  anv  part  of  the 
world,  IS  loun.l  in  South  Anu-rici.  'I'he  cities  just 
enunierate<l  are  almve  the  region  of  the  clouds  and 
storms,  and  enjoy  one  perpetual  spring,  with  tho  clear 
azuro  above,  which  is  lit  by  day  with  the  great  lumi- 
nary and  hy  night  sparkling  with  the  effulgence  of 
ten  thousand  stars. 

Travelers  in  ascending  tho  Andes  have  witnessed 
storms  of  hghtiiing  and  thunder  raging  in  their  ele- 
mental  fury  thousands  of  feet  l*low  them,  while 
tticy  themselves  were  enjoying  the  cool  zephyr,  or  the 
mad  sunshine. 

The  Andes,  seen  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  off  the 
coast  of  South  America,  present  one  stupendous 
wall  of  adamant,  that  in  the  distance  has  a  hazy 
blue  appearance,  which  contrasU  and  softens  with 
the  clear  white  of  the  eternal  snow  with  which  the 
lop  or  summit  is  crowned. 

"The  highest  peak  of  the  And»s  is  Mount  Sorato. 
in  »<ilivia ;  lU  summit  is  elevated  26,000  feet  Illi- 
mam,  near  Sorato,  is  the  second  highest,  being  24,350 
eot.  Chimlwmzo,  in  Equador,  is  tho  third  in  eleva- 
tion, being  21,444  teet 

"The  Alps  are  the  highest  mountains  of  Europe 
and  among  the  Alps,  Mount  Blanc,  (or  the  White 
Mountain),  towers  alwvo  all  others,  being  16,685  feet 
It  IS  in  tho  northern  part  of  Italy. 

Mmini  Hianc  is  the  monarch  of  mountains, 

We  crowned  him  long  ago. 
On  a  ihroni!  of  rocks,  in  a  robe  of  clouds. 

And  a  iliadrm  of  snow. 
Around  his  wni»l  in  ihe  forest  braced. 

And  ihe  avalanche  in  his  hand. 
Hiit  e'i;r  It  fall,  the  thundering  hall, 
AIi<st  pause  for  my  command. 

Manfred. 
Tlie  highest  peak  of  Asia  is  Chumularce,  of  the 
Hiramaleh  range,  In-ing  29,000  feet   This  is  the  high- 
est  mountain  m  tho  world.     Next  to  this  is  Dawde- 
gen  27,677  feet     Over  twenty  different  mountains 
in  this  chain  arc  said  to  be  over  four  miles  in  hight. 
Mountains   are  sometimes  intersected   by  rivers 
which  afford  in   many  places  but  a  narrow  channel! 
he  iwssBges  of  the  Potomac  and  Susquehannah, 
UirouHh  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  the  Missouri  through 
tne  Kocky  Mountains,  are  the  most  distinguished. 


JzS^z  tC<.°^Srdi7yttu.rat  zr.  Thjr.  £ri'  'z  ">"  ^-^  t  -  ^-^-- 

tain  precipice,  whe.«  a  single  misstep  would  precipitate  he  t  avelerV^.^nla  Tf  ."-^  T"  '*"'  ^°  "^  *«  "«'""- 
beneath.  The  pass  of  Quindu,  between  Po£yarand  BoX  exS^ll  ,,h.  T  ".!'  r''"'"^  «"""•  »'  •=•««» 
1 1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea      "  No  h.,r..  .„  r^  ,  "  ""'^"^     ^"^  '''8*«='*'  !««  "^  «l»e  road  k 

path  winds  through  chas,^fo,h„iramiloTn  length  anrsSchtlsL  '"^  """'"i  "'t  "t  '*.'*""  '""^  «'''^«"  •^"7'"  '^e 
mala  that  have  p^ished  from  faille  or™«ident"'     ^  '"'^  P'""*"  "'  """"""^  '"'*'  •'»«  »«"'«'  '''"I  carcassesV  ani- 


VOLCANOES. 


Volcanoe*. 


the  mom  active 
thousHii'i  yeat» 
than  HiU  niileR. 


Viewof  Stromboli. 

Strotnholi,  on  the  Linari  Island*,  north  of  Sicily,  i«  one  of 
Tolcnnoet  in  the  world.  It  has  Imrnfd  for  more  than  two 
without  interruption.  It  ia  viaible  at  the  distance  of  more 
and  is  styled  the  great  Light  House  of  the  Mediterranean 

Mount  iSt.  Elias  is  a  mount  of  flame, 
Near  the  Pacific,  in  the  Russian  claim. 

And  Fo-po-cai-a-petl,  in  Mexico, 
Has  a  high  summit  covered  o'er  with  snow  ; 

In  Guatimala,  Cos-a-gui' -na  piles, 
And  the  Water  Mountain  or  Volcano  boils. 


Next  Co-to-pax-i  in  Equador  scan  ; 
As  high  o'er  Chili  flames  the  proud  Chil-lan'. 

Hecla,  in  Iceland,  and  Vesuvius  near 
Naples,  in  Italy,  the  next  appear. 
IX-na  in  Sicily,  and  the  Strom-bo-li,  (strom'-bo-lee') 
Juat  north  of  Sicily,  burns  o'er  the  sea. 

On  the  Canary  Isles  is  Ten-m-riffe', 
Fog-o  on  Cape-de-Verd  rears  her  high  cliff. 
Ki-ra-ma  on  the  Sandwich  sits  sublime. 
And  from  its  horrid  crater  pours  forth  slime. 

(eTT 


More  than  two  liundnil  mlr anocs  are 
known  lo  exiat  in  th»  world  ;  one  half  of 
which  arc  in  Amcrit-u.  Hut  u  vjvM  many 
have  never  been  dcstiilieil,  mid  have  a.-arcely 
received  a  nanie. 

Thoie  of  Europe  and  A»ia  are  nxMtly  on 
ialanda;  while  thorti  of  America  are  on  the 
main  land. 

'I'hey  arc  diatributed  as  follows : 
Amrriea,  on  the  conlinrnt,  97  :    on  islaiids,  19. 
Kuropo,     on  Ihi;  conlinenl,    I :    on  i»lttnil«,  11. 
A»iB.        on  Iho  continent.    H  :    on  islands.  68. 
Africa.  unitnown.  many. 

Mote  than  forty  volcanoes  ore  continually 
Imriiini;  Mwcen  Cotopaxi  and  Cape  Horn. 
Equador  ia  one  great  volcanic  district.  Colo- 
jm.xi,  Tun(?urat?ua,  AnliHaana,  and  I'ichinea, 
are  the  principal  outlet*  for  the  internal  fires. 

The  islanil  of  Java  ia  noted  as  having.a 
RTfater  numlier  of  volcanoes  than  any  other 
portion  of  the  earth  of  the  same  iiize.  A  chain 
of  mountains,  in  some  parts  13,000  feet  high, 
crosaes  the  island,  and,  in  the  eastern  part,  is 
divided  into  a  series  of  thirty-three  separiilc 
volcanoes,  most  of  which  arc  in  a  high  state  of 
activity. 

An  eruption  of  one  of  the  largest,  in  1772, 
was  one  of  the  most  terrible  on  rciDrd.  'I'lie 
mountain,  for  a  long  time,  was  enveloped  in  a 
cloud  of  fire.  Soon  after,  the  immense  mass 
sunk  away,  and  disappeared,  carrying  with  it  ninety 
square  miles  of  the  surrounding  country,  forty  vil- 
lages, and  three  thousand  inhabitants. 

KiRAUEA,  on  Hawaii,  one  of  the  Sandwich 
islands,  is  another  of  the  terrible  volcanoes;  iis 
crater  is  seven  and  a  half  miles  in  circumference, 
and  1,000  feet  deep. 


View  of  Cotopaxi. 
Cotopaxi  is  the  loniesl  volcano  on  the  glohe,  and  some 
of  its  eruptions  have  been  the  most  irdniiidous.  11  js 
18,890  feel  high,  and  is  one  of  the  most  huBulitiil  5umnnli| 
of  the  Andes.  It  is  a  regular  and  smooth  cone,  wrapped 
in  a  vesture  of  elumai  snow,  which  dazzles  n:  the  ruys  ol 
the  sun,  with  a  superior  splendor.  Some  of  its  erupiions 
have  formed  the  most  terrific  and  sublime  scenes  the  eye 
ever  witnessed.  The  aames  have  been  known  to  ascend 
3,000  feet  above  the  top  of  the  mountain.  It  is  in  a  state 
of  constant  activity. 


Icanoea. 

hunilri-il  volonnoes  are 

the   worlti ;   one  hall"  of 

rim.      Hut  u  great  many 

•sfiilH'il,  ami  hnvc  Hcurrt-ly 

g  «nd  Alia  ore  mcMtly  <in 
c  of  America  arc  on  the 

iteJ  as  followR : 
ntiiM'nl,  97:    on  iilnii(l«,  19. 
.ntinciil,    1 :    ori  islaniU,  I*, 
nliiirnl.    H:    on  ialaiuls.  SN. 

unknown.  many. 

volcanoea  are  continually 
;;otopaxi  and  Cape  Horn, 
■at  volcanic  diHtrict.     Colo- 

AnliMiuna,  and   I'ichinca, 
itleta  for  the  internal  fires, 
lava  in  notc<l  an  havinR.a 
'  volcanoes  than  any  olhpr 

of  the  miinc  m.e.  A  chain 
ime  parts  13,000  feet  luRh, 

and,  in  the  oasteni  part,  is 
ies  of  tliirty-threc  iwpnralc 
which  arc  in  a  high  atatfl  of 

one  of  the  largest,  in  1772, 
ost  terrilile  on  record,  'llie 
ng  time,  was  enveloped  in  a 
on  after,  the  iniinense  mans 
red,  carrying  with  it  ninety 
rounding  country,  forty  vil- 
1  inhabitants. 

lii,  one  of  the  Sandwich 
the  terrible  volcanoos;  its 
lalf  railea  in  circumference, 


DfCotopaxi. 

olcRno  on  the  g1o!>e,  ami  some 
II  the  most  irpincnilous.  ll  is 
I  of  Ihe  most  benuiiful  sumniili- 
liar  and  smooth  cone.  wra|i|)Kd 
w,  which  dazzles  in  Ihe  rays  of 
plendor.  Some  of  its  erupiioiis 
ific  and  sublime  scenes  the  eye 
nes  have  been  known  to  ascend 
■  Ihe  mouiilain.    Il  is  in  a  stale 


VO  LC  ANOES. 


65 


View  of  Mount  llecia  and  the  Oeyiers, 


Mount  Etna  is  one  of  tho  oldest  volcanoes 
in  the  world,  and  has  had  some  of  the  most  terrible 
criiplions.  One,  in  the  year  IfiO'J,  destroyed  fourteen 
towii.H  and  27,000  inhabitants.  The  iava  thrown 
out  formed  a  perfect  river  of  (ire,  1,800  feet  wide, 
ami  K)  feet  deep;  and  continued  its  course  for  i.  ire 
than  1 5  miles  into  the  sea. 

Mount  Ilecla  is  n  eriobrnted  volcano,  on  the  isli  nd  of 
Ici'lund.  Il  is  thirty  miles  from  Ihe  ocean,  and  5,530  feet 
h.Rh. 

Hknninr.IokBl,  on  the  some  island,  had  an  ernplion,  in 
I7.ii,  thai  ranks  among  the  most  terrible,  in  the  desiruc- 
tioriof  life  and  Ihe  uimimilof  Invn  thrown  from  its  eniler. 
No  less  than  tweniy  villages,  cnninininn  in  nil  uboiit  9,000 
inh^ibilBiils.  were  eoiisnined.  Il  was  estiinaied  Ihat  tho 
Invn  discharged  would  be  sufTicienl  to  cover  un  area  of 
1,100  s(|uBra  miles,  lo  the  depi;,  of  130  feet. 

The  geijstrs.  or  hot  hprings,  or  rather  water  volraiioes, 
spout  hot  water  from  100  to  200  feel  high,  with  a  Qoiie 
thai  resembles  the  discharge  of  a  cunnon. 


.OCEANS. 


An  ocean  is  a  vast  extent  of  brine, 

Or  salt  sea  water,  boundless  and  sublime. 

Five  oceans  there  are  found  upon  this  ball : 
Pacific,  first,  the  largest  of  them  all ; 
To  Asia  and  America  allied, 
Hlffkt  thousand  long,  and  full  ttpelve  thuiisand  wide. 

Atlantic,  second,  in-  the  list  survey, 
Upon  tlie  west,  bound  by  America  ; 
While  Africa  and  Europe,  on  the  east. 
Heave  up  their  sea-walls  to  her  waves  of  yeast ; 
Three  thousand  miles  in  width — eiffht  thousand  long, 
In  such  a  space  the  Atlantic  sings  her  song. 

The  Indian  Ocean  is  the  third  in  size, — 
Upon  the  north,  the  Asiatic  shores  arise  ; 
Australia 's  east ;  while  A/ric's  west  her  tide  : 
Four  thousand  long,  and  just  three  thousand  wide. 

The  Antarctic  Ocean  laves  the  Southern  Pole  ; 
While,  round  the  North,  the  Arctic  billows  roll : 
Asia,  and  Europe,  North  America, 
With  Greenland,  are  the  boundaries  of  this  sea. 


Three-fourths  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  are  covered 
with  water,  and  the  other  fourth  is  covered  by  the 
land. 

The  water  fornis  five  great  divisions,  called  ocxiirs, 
viz.  the  .Atlantic,  Pacific,  Arctic,  Antarctic,  and  Indian 
Ocean.  Beside  these,  there  are  many  smaller  divi- 
sions, called  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  &c. 

The  Pacific  has  an  area  equal  to  78,000,000 
square  mile.s;  the  Atlantic,  20,000,000;  the  Indian 
Ocean,  12,000,000;  tho  Antarctic,  10,000,000;  the 
Northern,  2,000,000. 

The  extent  of  the  dificrent  seas  are  as  follows : — 
Chinese  Sea,  1,000,000;  Mediterranean,  8,000,000; 
Caribbean,  600,000 ;  Okotsk,  500,000 ;  Black  Sea, 
200,000 ;  Red  Sea,  100,000  ;  Baltic,  9,000  ;  Irish, 
5,600. 

The  five  great  oceans  form  one  continuous  mass  of 
water. 

The  Ocean  is  one  of  the  sublimest  works  of  Na- 
ture, whether  it  be  in  a  state  of  rest,  or  aroused  by 
storms. 

Roll  on.  Ihou  deep  and  dark  blue  ocean,  roll. 
Ten  ihonsimd  fleets  sweep  over  thee  in  vain, 

Man  marks  the  earth  with  ruin ;  his  control 
Stops  with  ihy  shore.    Upon  the  walery  plain, 

The  wrecks  are  all  thy  deeds. 
•  •  •  •  *  •  • 

Thou  glorious  mirror !  where  the  Almighty's  face 
Glasses  itself  in  tempesi,  in  all  time, 

Calm  or  convulsed,  in  breeM,  or  gale,  or  storm, — 
Icing  Ihe  Pole,  or  in  ihe  Torrid  clime. 
Dark-heaving,  boundless,  endless,  and  sublime, 

The  image  of  the  Invisible  I  [Ckilde  Harold. 


IttWggg!"  -"■-  - 


'^FWflflifWfpw^Mii*''! 


LAKES. 


Lake  of  the  Woods  and  Rainy  Lake,  between 
Britain's  Possessions  and  her  neiglibor  Sam. 

Superior,  Huron  and  the  young  tjt.  Glair, 
With  Erie  and  Ontario  are  there. 

'Tween  Michigan  and  state  Wisconsin  roars 
Lake  Michigan,  that  laves  the  yankee  shores. 

In  Maine,  is  Moosehead  Lake  and  Um-ba-gog, 
With  Orand  and  Scoo'-dac  in  the  catalogue. 

And  Win-ni-pi-sio' -ge  on  New  Hampshire  lain, 
As  'tween  Vermont  and  York  is  Lake  Champlain. 

Oneida  Lake,  Cayuga,  Seneca, 
In  New  York  state  with  Lake  0-was-co'  lay. 

Wisconsin  hears  her  Win-ne'-ha-go  talk. 
With  St.  Croix  Lake,  Flam-I>eau'  and  Tomahawk. 

Red  Lake  and  Upper  Winnipeg  sedate, 

'Tween  Iowa  and  broad  Wisconsin  state. 
Leech  Lake,  Itasca,  Devil's  and  Ottertail, 
In  Iowa  frith  Big  Stone  Lake  we  hail. 

Fox  Lake  and  Council,  Lost  and  Tas-a-kee, 
With  Spanish  Lake,  in  the  same  state  we  see. 

In  California  roars  Lake  Bon' -ne-ville. 
There  Turtle  Lakes  their  rolling  waves  distil. 

In  Mexico,  Tes-cu-co  and  Cha-pa'-la, 
As  Nl-car-a'-gua  lives  in  Guatamala. 

In  Venezuela,  Maracaybo  view, 
As  Tit-i-ca-ca  stands  pai-t  in  Peru. 

In  Scotia  stand  Loch  Lomond  and  Loch  Ness, 
With  Tay  and  Ran-noch  in  their  highland  dress. 

Zu-rick,  Lucerne  and  Neuf-cha-tel  combine. 
On  Switzerland's  mounts  to  feed  a  branch  of  Rhine. 
Constance  is  north  of  Switzerland's  rugged  shore, 
Geneva  west,  while  south  is  Lake  Mag-giore'. 

In  Sweden,  Wenner,  Wetter  and  Malar', 
Mid  wild  fantastic  scenery  take  their  fare. 
In  Russia,  Pei-pus'  and  lll'-man  bide. 
Where  roars  O-nei'-ga  and  Lad-o'-ga  wide. 

Tsha-ny  and  Baikal  in  Siberia  roar,  (sha-ny) 
Bal-kash  is  found  upon  the  Tartar  shore. 

As  A%han  hears' xidfcc  Durra's  wild  harangue, 
T<m-tia  in  Chma  keeps  with  Lake  Po  Tang. 

Melgig  and  Alshot  Lakes,  are  in  Algiers, 
Dem-be-ah  Lake  in  Tunis  next  appears. 
And  '.a>t  in  Soudan,  Tchad  Lake  finds  a  lair, 
As  Lake  Maravi  roars  in  Zanguebar. 


Lakes  are  large  bodiK)  of  fresh  water,  gnrrounded 
by  land,  which  generally  have  an  outlet  into  some 
ocean,  gulf,  or  hay. 

The  great  chain  of  lakes  between  the  United  States 
anil  UritiBh  America  discharge  all  their  waters  into 
the  ocean,  by  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 

Lake  Superior,  the  largest  on  the  globe,  stands  at 
the  head  of  this  great  chain.  Its  waters  are  elevated 
between  600  and  700  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  It  abounds  with  fish :  trout,  weigh- 
ing from  flUeen  to  fitly  pounds,  are  caught  in  large 
quantities.  The  waters  of  this  lake  are  remarkably 
clear, — a  quality  that  pertains  to  all  in  this  chain. 
The  Pictured  Rocks,  on  the  southern  shores,  are  great 
natural  curiosities.  They  form  a  perpendicular  wall 
of  3(10  feet,  and  extend  from  twelve  to  fifteen  miles 
in  length.  The  waters  of  this  lake  empty  into  Lake 
Huron,  by  the  St  Mary's  river. 

Lake  Baikal,  in  Siberia,  is  the  largest  body  of  fresh 
water  on  the  eastern  continent. 

Ladoga  and  Oneiga  are  the  largest  in  Europe. 

Geneva,  Neufchatel,  and  Lucerne,  are  elevated, 
among  the  Alps,  more  than  1,200  feet.  They  are 
distinguished  for  the  wild,  romantic  character  of  their 
scenery,  a  feature  that  pertains  to  all  lakes  of  moun- 
tainous districts ;  such  as  those  of  Norway,  Sweden, 
Finland,  Scotland,  Mexico,  and  South  America. 
Their  shores  are  usually  lined  with  dark  forests  and 
rugged  precipices. 

The  following  table  shows  the  siie  of  most  of  the 
principal  lakes. 

European  Lakes. 


Sq.  milts. 
Ladoga,  Russia,  6,350 
Wenner,  Sweden,  2,150 
Peipus,  Russia,  -  850 
Wetten,  Sweden,  850 
Malar,  Sweden,  -  760 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  340 


Sq.  mites. 

Constance,  Switz.,  290 

Illman,       -      -  275 

Maggiore,      -      -  150 

Neufchatel,       -  116 

Lucerne,        -      -  100 

Garda,        -      ■  180 


Aral,     . 

Baikal, 

Palkati,- 


Lake  Tchad, 
Maravi,  - 


Asiatic  Lakes. 

9,930  j  Van, 
-     7,540    IJroomiah, 
3,696  I  Dead  Sea, 

African  Lakes. 

I  I  Dembja, 

I I  Dibbie,    - 

American  Lakes. 


Superior,  -  -  35,000 
Huron,  ^  -  20,000 
Great  Bear  Lake,  ? 

Winnipeg,  -  10,000 
Slave  Lake,  -  12,000 
Michigan,      -      16,000 


Arabasca, 
Erie, 

Ontario,    - 
Titicaca, 
Nicaragua, 


1,960 

760 

.  500 


6,000 
10,000 
7,200 
6,500 
6,000 


(66) 


^igjugjiiiigijiggi 


" "- ""  "-■'•"'-— r  -- n-r'"!! — '--.--—i-ii- 


of  fresh  water,  Bnrronnded 
have  an  outlet  into  ■ome 

!  between  the  United  States 
large  alt  their  water*  into 
^rence  river. 

;eat  on  the  globe,  stands  at 
in.  Its  waters  are  elevated 
eet  above  the  level  of  the 
ids  with  fish :  trout,  weigh- 
ounds,  are  caught  in  large 
)f  this  lake  are  remarkably 
taitis  to  all  in  this  chain, 
le  soutiiem  shores,  are  great 
f  form  n  perpendicular  wall 
rom  twelve  to  fifteen  miles 
r  this  lake  empty  into  Lake 

river. 

I,  is  the  largest  body  of  fresh 
inent. 

3  the  largest  in  Europe, 
md  Lucerne,  are  elevated, 
lan  1,200  feet.     They  are 
I  romantic  characti:r  of  their 
rtains  to  all  lakes  of  moun- 

those  of  Norway,  Sweden, 
:ico,   and   South   America. 

lined  with  dark  forests  and 

ows  the  size  of  most  of  the 


in  Lakes. 

I  Sq.  miles. 

I  Constance,  Switz,,     290 
275 
-     150 
116 
■     100 
180 


lUman, 

Maggiore, 

Neufchatel, 

Lucerne, 

Garda, 

c  Lakes. 

I   Van, 

Uroomiah,  - 
Dead  Sea, 

a  Lakea. 
!  I  Dembja,     ■ 
!  1  Dibbie,     - 

an  Lakes. 

) 

) 

? 

) 
) 
) 


Arabasca, 
Erie, 

Ontario,     • 
Titicaca, 
Nicaragua, 


1,960 
760 
500 


6,000 
10,000 
7,200 
6,500 
5,000 


iiiu'inimimnuwiiMjiui 


THE 


RULES   OF   ARITHMETIC. 


IN   VERSE. 


Addition. 

Add'Umi,  is  joining  more  numbers  than  one, 
And  putting 'together  to  make  a  whole  sum. 
Addition's  the  rule  that  learns  us  to  count. 
And  the  sum  that 's  produced  is  called  the  amount. 


RULE. 

The  numbers  write  down,  as  the  mle  comprehends, 
Placing  units  under  units,  and  tens  under  tens  ; 
Draw  a  line  underneath,  and  commence  at  the  right, 
Or  the  unit  column,  the  work  to  unite  ; 
If  its  sum  or  amount  should  not  exceed  9, 
Then  place  it  direct  'neath  its  own  native  line : 
But  if  9  it  exceeds,  then  the  unit  you  place 
'Neath  the  coliunn  of  units,  (the  units  to  grace) ; 
While  the  tens  or  the  figure  that's  to  the  left  hand, 
To  the  next  column  join,  as  you  well  understand. 

Observe  the  same  rule,  till  you  come  to  the  last, 
And  the  whole  amount  write  as  this  column  you  cast. 

§ubtractlonu 

Subtraction,  it  teaches,  when  numbers  are  given. 
One  greater,  one  less,  as  10  stands  to  7, 
To  find  out  their  difference,  for  difference  we  see. 
And  when  worked  and  achieved,  we  find  to  be  3. 

RULE. 

The  numbers  first  write,  the  less  under  the  greater, 
Placing  units  and  tens,  in  lines  of  their  nature, — 
The  subtrahend,  then,  from  the  minuend  take, 
And  that  which  remains,  an  answer  will  make. — 
But  if  in  the  less  number,  a  figure  we  find, 
Which  exceeds  that  above  it,  let  10  then  be  joined 
To  the  figure  above,  and  from  the  amount. 
Take  the  figure  below,  (nor  mistake  in  the  count), 
But  forget  not  to  add,  to  the  next  figure,  then 
In  the  subtrahend,  one  to  make  up  for  this  ten. 


Addition. 

Addition  is  joining  together  two  or  more 
numbers,  to  make  one  whole  sum  or  amount. 

Addition  is  tlie  rule  by  which  wo  count,  or  put 
numbers  together. 

'i"he  whole  sum,  or  answer,  is  called  the  amount. 

n  V  L  E, 

Write  down  the  numbers,  one  under  the  other, 
placing  units  under  units,  tens  under  tens,  and  draw 
a  line  underneath. 

Begin  at  the  right  hand,  or  unit  column,  to  add 
or  unite  the  nuinl)ers  together ;  add  together  all  the 
figures  contained  in  that  column. 

If  the  sum  or  amount  should  not  exceed  9,  then 
place  it  under  the  column ;  but  if  it  does  exceed  9, 
put  the  right  hand  figure  under  the  column,  and 
carry  the  left  hand  figure,  and  add  it  on  to  the  next 
column. 

Observe  the  same  rule,  putting  down  under  the 
column  added,  the  right  hand  figure,  if  it  exceeds  9 ; 
and  carrying  the  left  hand  figure  to  the  next  column. 

At  the  last  column,  write  down  the  whole  amount, 
and  the  work  is  complete. 

Subtraction. 

Subtkaction  is  taking  a  less  number  from 
a  grca'.er  to  find  out  the  difference,  as  7  from  10;  the 
diiier'jnce,  or  remainder,  is  3. 

'i'hc  greater  number,  or  the  number  to  be  lessened, 
is  called  the  minuend.  The  less  numticr,  or  the 
one  to  be  taken  from  the  greater,  is  called  the  subtra- 
h  nd.  The  difference,  or  that  which  is  left  after  the 
operation  of  the  work,  is  called  the  remainder. 

11  V  I.  E  . 

Write  down  the  numbers,  the  less  under  the 
greater,  placing  units  under  units,  tens  under  tens,  and 
draw  a  Une  underneath. 

Subtract  the  less  from  the  greater:  commence  at  the 
right  hand  figure  in  the  lower  line,  and  take  it  fi'om 
the  one  above  it  in  the  upper  line ;  write  the  ditference 
below  the  line.  So  proceed  till  the  whole  is  subtracted. 

If  *he  figure  above  should  be  less  than  the  one 
below,  then  add  ten  to  the  one  above,  and  fi'om  the 
amount,  take  the  figure  below.  But  in  this  case 
you  must  add  one  to  the  next  left  hand  figure,  in  the 
lower  column,    'i'hia  is  called  bonowing  ten. 


(67J 


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68 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC 


•ift 


Multiplication. 

Now,  Multiplication,  its  nature  I  '11  show. 
It 's  a  short  way  of  working  Addition,  you  know, 
When  the  same  number  comes,  in  prose  or  in  rhynuti. 
To  be  used  or  repeated,  a  number  of  times — 
Let  the  less  number  under  the  greater  one  stand. 
Call  one  the  multiplier,  one  the  multiplicand, — 
Name  the  answer  the  product, — and  then  just  annex 
For  the  sign  of  the  rule,  the  letter — X 

RULE. 

First,  the  number  above,  must  be  multiplied  o'er 
In  succession,  by  each  H<jure  found  in  the  lower. 
While  the  same  as  Addition,  the  rule  you  have  seen, 
Remember  to  carry  one  for  every  tfn  ; 
While  the  right  hand  figure  of  each  product  must  liu 
Direct  'neath  the  figure  you  multiply  by ; 
Then  the  same  as  Addition  their  products  unite. 
And  the  amount  of  them  all  is  the  answer  quite. 

Or  when  the  multiplier  is  100  or  10, 
Or  1,  with  any  number  of  ciphers,  I  mean, 
Of  ciphers,  annex  to  the  multiplicand. 
As  many,  as  in  the  multiplier  stand. 

Or  when  ciphers  are  in  the  imdtiplier  found, 
Or  between  (he  significant  figures  abound. 
By  figures  aignificant  only,  perform, 
While  the  right  of  each  product  directly  is  borne 
'Neath  th-n  figure  you  multiply  by.  (Now  retain 
This  rule  forever  secure  in  your  brain). 


Division. 

Next  simple  Division,  the  fourth  Rule  is  seen. 
It 's  a  shoit  way  of  working  iSubtraction,  (I  ween). 
It  shows  us  Subtraction,  its  smallest  remains. 
And  how  often  one  number  another  contains. 

The  Divisor  is  that,  which  divides,  as  you  see, 
The  Dividend's  that,  which  divided  must  be. 
The  answer  is  called  the  Quotient,  and  shows 
How  oft  the  divisor  in  the  dividend  goes. 

RULE. 

Write  the  dividend  down,  and  to  the  left  hand, 
With  a  curve  line  between,  the  divisor  must  stand, — 

Then  of  figures,  as  many  divide,  (and  consign) 
As  will  hold  the  divisor,  times  not  over  nine,  (9) 
With  the  number  arising,  the  quotient  supply, 
Which  by  the  divisor  you  then  multiply, — 

The  product  then  take  from  the  dividend  o'er  it. 
And  beside  what  remains,  the  next  figure  lower  it ; 
Which  again  you  divide,  if 't  will  hold  the  divisor, 
'  If  not,  in  the  quotient  a  cipher  we  tic  sir. 


Multiplicaticn. 

Multiplication  is  a  short  way  of  perform- 
ing Addition,  when  the  same  number  is  to  be 
repealed  ii  iiiimbcr  of  times. 

The  nuiiibcr  wc  multiply  by,  is  called  the 
iiniltiplier. 

'I'lio  number  to  be  multiplied,  is  called  the 
mulliplicimd. 

'I'lie  answer  is  called  the  nroduct. 

The  sign  of  Multiplication  ia  the  letter  X. 


When  the  muUiplier  exceeds  12. 

Write  down  the  multiplicand,  under  which,  write 
the  multiplier,  placing  units  under  units,  tens  under 
tens,  and  draw  a  line  underneath. 

Multiply  the  multiplicand  by  each  figure  of  the 
multiplier,  commencing  at  the  right  hand ;  and 
remember  to  set  the  first  product  of  each  figure 
directly  under  the  figure  in  the  multiplier  1^  which 
you  multiply. 

Add  these  several  products  together,  and  the 
amount  is  the  product  required. 

Tn  multiply  by  10,  100,  1000,  <Vc. 

Add  to  the  multiplicand  a?  many  ciphers  as  there 
are  ciphers  iu  the  multiplier;  and  the  multiplying  is 
performed. 

Whenciphers  occur  between  the  significant  figures 
of  the  multiplier,  wc  omit  them,  multiplying  by  the 
signiiicant  figures  only,  minding  to  write  the  first 
pro<luot  of  each  figure,  directly  under  the  figure  by 
which  we  multiply. 

To  prove  multiplication,  divide  the  product  by  the 
multiplier,  and  if  the  quotient  is  the  same  as  the 
multiplicand,  the  work  is  right. 

Division. 

Division  is  a  short  way  of  performing  many 
Subtractions;  or. 

It  shows  how  often  one  number  is  contained  in 
another. 

The  Dividend  is  tlie  number  to  be  divided. 

The  Divisor  is  the  number  tliat  divides  the 
dividend. 

The  answer  is  called  liie  Quotient,  and  shows  how 
often  the  Divisor  goes  into  the  Dividend. 


'When  the  Divisor  is  more  than  12. 

Place  the  Divisor  at  the  left  of  the  Dividend,  sepa- 
rated by  a  line. 

Then  asauino  as  many  figures  of  the  dividend  as 
will  hold  the  divisor  something  less  than  1 0  times. 

See  how  often  the  divisor  is  contained  in  the 
assumed  portion  of  the  dividctid,  and  place  the  result 
at  the  right  of  the  dividend,  separated  by  another  line. 

Multiply  the  divisor  by  this  figure,  and  place  the 
product  under  the  part  assumed  or  divided,  and  sub- 
tract it  therefrom,  and  to  the  remainder  bring  down 
the  next  figure  for  a  new  dividend. 


mtm 


licaticn. 

I  short  way  of  perlorin- 
!   sumc  number  is  to   be 

illiply    by,  is    called    the 

multiplied,  is    called    the 

e  vroduct. 

ion  is  the  letter  X, 


vceecb  13. 

ilicand,  under  which,  write 

its  under  units,  tens  under 

Icrne^th. 

ind  by  each  figure  of  the 

at    the    right    hand ;   and 

it  product  of  each  figure 

in  the  multiplier  l^  which 

oducts   together,   and  the 

uired. 

),  1000,  J^e. 

d  as  many  ciphers  as  there 

er;  and  the  multiplying  is 

ween  the  significant  figures 
t  them,  multiplying  by  the 
minding  to  write  the  first 
rectly  under  the  figure  by 

,  divide  the  product  by  the 
otient  is  the  same  as  the 
right. 

.sion. 

fay  of  performing  many 

le  number  is  contained  in 

imber  to  be  divided, 
number  that  divides    the 

e  Quotient,  and  shows  how 
)  the  Dividend, 


ore  than  12. 

J  left  of  the  Dividend,  scpa- 

figures  of  the  dividend  as 
thing  Ipbs  than  10  times, 
ivisor  is  contained  in  the 
ndcnd,  and  place  the  result 
1,  Reparoled  by  another  line. 
/  this  figure,  and  place  the 
tsumcd  or  divided,  and  sub- 

the  remainder  bring  down 
dividend. 


■"  I.  11.  iL,itJH,iiiiij;iiii 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC. 


And  to  our  remainder,  a  figure  once  more, 
From  the  dividend  bring,  and  proceed  as  before. 

WHEN   THE   DIVISOR   IS    LESS    THAN    12. 

But  when  the  divisor  does  not  exceed  twelve, 
By  short  division  the  problem  we  solve, 
'Neath  the  dividend  then  the  quotient  you  bind, 
WhDe  the  process  is  mostly  performed  in  the  mind. 

Reduction. 

Reduction  is  changing  a  kind  and  its  name. 
To  another,  and  keeping  its  value  the  same. 
It  consists  of  two  kinds,  Ascending  is  one, 
Descending  the  other,  by  which  we  come  down ; 
In  Reduction  ascending,  division  we  try  ; 
In  Reduction  Descending,  we  then  multiply. 

Reduction  A§cendlng. 

Divide  the  lowest  kind  that  stands  in  your  sum, 
By  that  number  it  takes  of  the  sum  to  make  one 
Of  the  next  higher  order,  and  keep  the  same  round 
'Till  the  problem  is  solved,  and  the  answer  is  found. 

Decimal  Fractions. 

In  decimal  Fractions,  your  work  is  the  same, 
As  when  in  whole  numbers,  the  problems  you  frame. 

Addition  and  Subtraction  of  Decimals. 

RULE. 

In  Addition  of  Decimals,  Subtraction  too. 
The  same  as  whole  numbers,  the  work  you  must  do ; 
Write  tenths  under  tenths,  and  hundredths,  likewise, 
You  place  under  hundredths,  the  rule  to  comprise. 
Let  the  decimal  point,  if  the  work  you  approve. 
Fall  precisely  'neaik  those  in  the  numbers  above. 

multiplication  of  Decimals. 

TO   POINT    OFF   IN   MULTIPLICATION    OF   DECIMALS. 

If  in  Multiplication  of  Decimals,  then 
Point  off  from  your  product,  with  pencil  or  pen. 
For  decimal  places,  as  many  as  stand 
In  both  multiplier  and  multiplicand. 
If  the  product  in  figures  deficient  is  found, 
To  the  left  of  the  product  let  ciphers  be  bound. 

Division  of  Decimals. 

TO  POINT   OFF    IN    DIVISION    OF    DECIMALS. 

In  Division  of  Decimals,  then  you  may  count 
From  the  right  of  the  quotient  the  whole  amount 


Divide  this  the  same  as  before,  and  to  the  remain- 
der continue  to  bring  down  figures  from  the  dividend 
till  the  whole  is  divided. 

To  prove  Division,  multiply  the  divisor  and  quo- 
tient together,  and  if  the  product  is  the  same  as  the 
dividend,  the  work  is  right. 

£xa/n/)/e,— 2840-f-40=7I,  the  Quotient.  To 
prove  this,  multiply  71  by  40,  thus:  71X40=2840, 
the  same  as  the  dividend. 


Reduction. 

Rf.duction  is  changing  one  kind  or  denom- 
ination to  that  of  another,  without  altering  its  value. 

It  is  of  two  kinds :  Reduction  Ascending  and  D«.> 
scending;  the  former  is  performed  by  division,  and 
the  latter  by  multiplication. 

BULK    FOR   JIEDUCTION    ASCENDIKS, 

Divide  the  lowest  denomination  given,  by  as  many 
a.s  it  takes  of  the  same  to  make  one  of  the  next 
highest  order. 

Divide  the  quotient  in  the  same  manner,  by  the 
number  it  takes  of  its  own  denomination  to  make  one 
of  the  next  higher  denomination ;  so  continue  to  do 
till  it  is  reduced  to  the  denomination  required. 

Decimal  Fractions. 

Decimals  are  performed  the  same  as  whole 
numlters.  'i'he  only  difficulty  is  to  know  where  to 
put  the  separaiioii  or  decimal  point,  between  decimals 
and  whole  numbers. 

Addition  and  Subtraction  of  Decimals. 

Write  down  the  numbers,  one  under  the 
other,  p'  icing  those  of  the  same  value  under  each 
other;  or,  units  under  units,  tens  under  tens,  &c. 
Likewise,  tenths  under  tenths,  hundredths  under 
hundredths,  and  then  add  or  subtract  as  in  addition 
or  subtraction  of  simple  or  whole  numbers. 

Let  the  decimal  point  in  the  sum,  or  remainder, 
fall  directly  under  those  in  the  sura. 

Multiplication  of  Decimals. 

To  jioint  off  in  Multiplication  of  Decimals. 

Multiply  the  same  as  in  whole  numbers,  and  point 
oflT  in  the  product,  for  decimal  places,  as  many 
figures  as  there  are  decimal  places  in  both  multiplier 
and  multiplicand,  counted  together. 

To  multiply  a  whole  number  by  a  decimal,  the 
product  is  less  than  the  muUiplicand ,■  for  example 
,5  multiplied  by  ,5  the  product  is  ,25.  ' 

Division  of  Decimals. 

Tn  point  off  in  Division  of  Decimals  / 
Divide  the  same  as  in  whole  numbers,  and  point 
off  from  the  right  of  the  quotient,  for  decimals,  as 
many  places  as  the  decimal  places  in   the  dividend 


mmam 


mmumtm 


mmmmmm 


MHMi 


70 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC 


That  the  divideyid  numbers  o'er  the  divisor 
In  decimal  figures — and  if  the  supply  (sir) 
In  the  quotient,  of  figures,  deficient  you  find. 
To  the  left  of  the  quotient  let  ciphers  be  joined. 


Interest. 

Ip'jrest  is  a  certain  per  cent,  that's  allowed. 
For  the  use  of  money  on  the  lender  bestowed. 
The  principal 's  that,  which  is  loaned  or  lext,  \ 

The  rate,  on  each  dollar,  is  called  the  per  cent. — 

It  is  Simple  and  Compound — The  rule  for  t\wjirst 
When  desired  for  one  year,  may  thus  be  rehearsed: 

RULE. 

First,  the  principal  multiply  by  the  rate  per  cent. 
And  divide  by  100  the  product,  (attent) 
^for  Tnore  years  than  one,  the  product  it  bears 
Must  te  multiplied  by  the  number  of  years. 

If  the  interest  for  months,  in  your  sum  i.s  implied. 
By  12,  the  interest  of  one  year,  divide. 
And  the  quotient  by  the  number  of  montlis  midtiplieJ, 
The  interest  in  full,  for  the  months  vnll  decide. 

If  the  use  of  your  money  for  days  you  would  see. 
The  amount  for  one  month  by  30  must  be 
Divided,  and  then  the  quotient  you  raise 
Be  multiplied  o'er  by  the  number  of  days  ; 
Add  the  days  and  the  months  and  the  years  all  in  one, 
And  the  answer  desired  will  be  the  whole  sum. 

Compound  Interest. 

Now  interest  Compound,  to  you  I  will  show, 
'Tis  interest  on  interest  and  principal  too. 
Which  are  added  together  as  interest  is  due. 

RU  LE. 

First  find  the  amount  for  one  year,  the  same 
As  in  simple  interest,  \h*i  rule  that  you've  seen. 
Then  this  is  the  principal  for  the  next  year. 
Which  again  you  compute  with  patience  and  care. 
And  agam  to  the  product  the  interest  unite. 
Which  becomes  foi*  the  third  year,  a  principal  quite, 

So  continue,  and  from  the  amount  of  the  last. 
Subtract  the  sum  loaned,  and  the  interest  is  cast. 


Rule  of  Tbiee. 

R  U  [,  V. . 

Of  the  three  given  nuirdiers,  a  third  term  you  make 
That 's  of  the  same  kind  with  the  answer  you  seek  ; 

And  then  just  consider  the  question  in  hand. 
Whether  greater  or  less,  the  answer  will  stand 


exceed  those  of  the  divisor ;  and  if  there  be  a  defi- 
ciency ol  figures  in  the  quotient,  supply  such  defi- 
ciency by  annexing  figures  to  the  left  of  the  quotient. 
To  divide  a  whole  number  by  a  deciraal,  the 
quotient  is  greater  than  the  dividend :  for  eiainple, 
260,  divided  by  ,b,  the  quotient  is  600. 

Interest 

Ihterest  is  a  per  cent,  paid  by  the  bor- 
rower to  the  lender,  for  the  use  of  money. 

The  sum  of  money  loaned  or  lent,  is  called  the 
principal. 

The  per  cent,  is  the  annual  amount  paid,  aa  so 
many  dollars  for  the  use  of  a  hundred. 

BVLE  FOB  SIMPtK  INTIBKST. 

Multiply  the  principal  by  the  rale  per  cent,,  and 
divide  the  product  by  one  hundred,  and  the  quotient 
is  the  interest  for  one  year. 

Multiply  this  last  by  the  number  of  years,  and  the 
product  is  the  interest  for  the  years. 

To  compute  the  interest  far  months,- 

Divide  the  interest  of  one  year  by  12,  and  the  quo- 
tient is  the  interest  for  one  month  ;  multiply  this  by 
tiie  nuiiilicr  of  months,  and  the  product  is  the  interest 
for  the  months. 

I      To  compute  the  intercut  far  days  ,- 
!      Divide  the  interest  of  one  month  by  30,  the  num- 
ber of  days  in  a  month,  and  the  quotient  is  the  interest 
for  one  day. 

Multiply  the  intereat  of  one  day  by  the  number  of 
days,  and  tlie  pro<luct  is  the  interest  for  the  days. 

Add  the  days,  montlw,  and  years  together,  and  the 
amount  is  the  interest  required. 

Compound  Intereat. 

Compound  Ihterest,  is  interest  on  interest, 
where  the  interest  is  added  to  theprindpat  at  the  end 
of  each  year,  as  it  becomes  due. 


BULK. 


this 


First  find  the  amount  for  one  year,  and 
amount  is  the  principal  for  the  second  year. 

Then  perform,  with  this  principal,  the  same  as  with 
the  first,  finding  the  amount  .w  the  second  year, 
which  amount  is  the  principal  for  the  third  year;  so 
continue  to  do,  finding  the  uinount  for  each  year,  and 
from  the  last  amount,  subtract  the  sum  loaned,  and 
the  remainder  is  the  Compound  Interest  for  the 
number  of  years  required. 


Rule  of  Three. 

Of  the  three  given  numbers,  make  that  the 
tliird  term  which  is  of  the  same  kind  with  the  answer 
sought. 

Then  consider,  from  the  nature  of  the  quesUon, 
whether  the  answer  will  bo  greater  or  less  than  the 
third  term. 


wmm 


r ;  and  if  there  be  a  defi- 
uotient,  supply  such  defi- 
le the  left  of  the  quotient 
inber  by  a  decimal,  the 
!  dividend  .•  for  exajnple, 
itient  18  500. 


rest 

;ent.  paid  by  the  bor- 
use  01  money, 
ned  or  lent,  is  called  the 

inual  amount  paid,  as  so 
a  hundred. 

>tE  I]«TIREST. 

by  the  rate  per  cent,  and 
hundred,  and  the  quotient 

number  of  years,  and  the 
he  years. 
for  months; 

10  year  by  12,  and  the  quo- 
B  month ;  multiply  this  by 
I  the  product  is  the  interest 

;  for  days  ,• 

ne  month  by  30,  the  num- 

I  the  quotient  is  the  interest 

one  day  by  the  number  of 
w  interest  for  the  days, 
and  years  together,  and  the 
lired. 

a  Interest. 

i-,  is  interest  on  interest, 
I  to  the  principal  at  the  end 
isdue. 


t  for  one  year,  and  this 
r  the  second  year. 
»  principal,  the  same  as  with 
nount  ."or  the  second  year, 
cipal  for  the  third  year ;  so 
B  amount  for  each  year,  and 
btract  the  sum  loaned,  and 
/ompound  Interest  for'  the 


if  Three. 

numbers,  make  that  the 
!  same  kind  with  the  answer 

ho  nature  of  the  question, 
bo  greater  or  lees  than  the 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC. 


Than  this  the  third  term, — If  greater  't  is  know-n 
That  of  the  two  numbers  the  greater  comes  down 
For  the  term  that  is  second,  or  term  number  two ; 
While  the  less  number's/rs<,  as  the  pencil  will  show. 

But  if  smaller  your  answer  than  term  number  three, 
Rever.se  the  two  terms,  let  the  less  second  be. 

Then  the  second  and  third  you  next  multiply. 
And  divide  by  the  first  and  the  answer  is  nigh. 

Alligation. 

Alligation  is  mingling  or  mixing  together. 
Teas,  sugars  or  spirits  (and  one  thing  or  otiier). 
It  divides  itself  thus,  (now  be  sure  and  li'am  it), 
Alligation  Medial,  Alligation  Alternate. 

AlUiratlon  Medial. 

Alligation  Medial  is  finding  the  mean. 
The  middle  or  average  'twixt  either  extreme 
Of  several  simples,  some  less  and  some  greater  ; 
So  read  o'er  these  lines,  and  they  '11  learn  you  its 
nature. 

RULE. 

Supposing  a  merchant  has  three  kinds  of  tea, 
At  10  shillings,  6  shillings,  and  shillings  3, 
Which  he  wishes  to  mix  and  together  confound. 
And  then  wants  to  know  what's  the  worth  of  a  pound, 

Add  your  10  and  your  6  and  your  3  as  you  mix. 
And  divided  by  3,  the  quotient  is  6. 

Six  shilliags  per  pound,  price  of  the  mixture. 

Alligation  Alternate. 

Alligation  Alternate  is  the  rule  that  finds. 
What  quantity  of  any  number  of  simples  or  kinds, 
Whose  rates  are  all  given,  direct  as  we  state. 
To  compose  a  mixture  of  a  specified  rate. 
RULE. 

Arrange  in  a  column  your  rates  for  command. 
And  place  the  m^an  rate  off  at  the  left  hand. 
Each  rate  that  is  less  than  the  middle  or  mean. 
Join  with  one  that  is  greater,  as  is  plain  to  be  seen, 
Place  the  difference  'tween  each  rate  and  mean  kind. 
Opposite  that  with  which  it  is  joined. 

Square  Root. 

RULE. 

Divide  'm\a  periods  of  two  figures  each. 
The  number  you  know,  as  the  pedagogues  teach, — 

In  the  left  hand  period  find  the  great<!st  sgvrrrc. 
Which  from  it  subtract,  and  to  what  remain;'  there 
Bring  the  next  period  down  for  a  Dividend  (Lr)  : 

Place  the  root  of  the  square  at  the  right  hand  of  all. 
And  two  times  the  root  a  Divisor  we  call. 


If  greater,  ^)lace  the  greater  of  the  two  remaining 
numbers  for  the  second  term. 

If  less,  place  the  lessor  of  the  remaining  number*, 
for  the  second  term. 

In  cither  case,  multiply  the  second  and  third  terms 
together,  and  divide  by  the  first  term ;  and  the  quo- 
tient will  lie  the  fourth  term,  or  answer. 


Alligation. 

AttiGATroN  is  mixing  together  several  sim- 
ples of  different  qualities,  or  prices,  so  that  the  compo- 
sition may  be  of  some  intermediate  quality  or  price'. 

It  is  of  two  kinds.  Alligation  Alternate,  and  Alli- 
gation Medial. 

Alligation  MediaL 

Alligation  Medial,  is  finding  the  mean  or 
average  proportion  or  price,  of  several  numbers  or 
prices. 


n  u  L  s  . 

Add  together  the  several  prices  or  ingredients,  and 
divide  the  amount  by  the  number  of  ingredients. 

Or  when  there  are  a  greater  number  than  one  of 
each  kind. 

Multiply  the  number  by  the  price,  set  the  products 
in  a  column,  add  the  several  products  together,  and 
divide  the  amount  by  the  amount  of  the  several 
ingredients,  and  the  quotient  is  the  mean  price  of  the 
composition. 

Alligation  Alternate. 

Alligation  Alternate  teaches  to  find 
what  quantity  of  any  number  of  simples,  whoae 
rates  are  all  given,  will  compose  a  mixture  of  any 
specified  rate. 

n  UI.B . 

Arrange  the  rates  of  the  simples  in  a  column  under 
each  other,  with  the  mean  price  at  the  left  hand. 

Connect  each  rate,  that  is  less  than  the  mean  rate, 
with  one  or  more  that  is  greater ;  place  the  difference 
between  each  rate  and  mcM.  price  opposite  that  with 
which  it  is  joined,  and  it  win  be  the  quantity  required. 


Square  Root 

RULE. 

Divide  your  number  into  periods  of  two 
figures  each,  by  putting  a  point  ov  r  ;n!  unit  figure, 
and  every  second  figure  from  the  place:  .jf  units. 

Find  <iiL'  greatest  square  in  the  left  hand  period, 
and  put  the  result  in  the  root,  at  the  right  of  the 
numlwr. 

fviuare  this  figure,  and  p!A<<e  the  square  under 


fjiv^^^Mtm  M 


•^wpwr 


72 


RULES    OF    ARITHMETIC. 


Then  try  the  Divisor,  see  ho^r  many  times 
The  Dividend  holds  it  (by  prose  or  by  rhymes). 
Of  its  right  hand  figure  exclusive,  you  know, 
And  write  in  the  root  the  number  't  wil'  go. 

Then  to  the  Divisor  the  same  figure  tic. 
And  by  the  same  figure  the  whole  multiply  ; 

The  product  then  take  from  the  Dividend  (penned). 
And  of  that  which  remains,  make  a  new  dividend  ; 
By  bringing  iha  period  that'  s  next,  along  side, — 
And  for  a  Divisor  that 's  new  and  untried. 
Just  doMe  the  figures  that  stand  in  the  root, 
And  work  as  be/ore,  till  the  answer  is  got. 


Cube  Root. 

RULE. 

Your  number  divide,  as  I  shall  prescribe. 
In  periods  of  three  figures  each,  side  by  side. 

In  the  left  h&ni  period  the  greatest  cube  find. 
Put  its  root  in  the  quotient,  and  then  you  must  mind 
To  subtract  from  the  period,  the  Cube  that  is  found. 
And  by  what  remains,  the  next  period  bring  down 
For  a  dividend, — then  a  divisor  to  spy. 
By  300  your  quotient's  square  multiply ; 

Then  as  Simple  Division,  the  work  you  perform, 
But  subtract  not  the  product — let  this  be  forborne. 

Then  the  square  of  the  last  quotient  figure  espied, 
By  the  first  quotient  figure,  must  be  multiplied. 
And  the  answer  arising  by  30  be  tried  (or  multiplied), 
And  the  product  of  these  placed  under  the  last. 
That  units  and  tens  in  their  lines  may  be  cast. 

Write  the  cube  of  the  last  quotient  sign,  under  all, 
And  the  amount  of  the  whole,  a  subtrahend  call. 
Which  you  must  subtract  from  the  dividend  o'er  it. 
And  by  what  remains  the  next  period  lower  it 
For  a  new  dividend,  with  which  you  proceed 
As  before,  till  the  root  in  the  quotient  you  read. 

Cteometrlcal  Progression. 

The  first  term,  ratio,  and  number  of  terms  being 
given,  to  findAl  last  term. 

A  few  leading  powers  of  the  ratio  write  down. 
With  each  index  placed  o'er,  beginning  at  one. 
The  indices  whose  sum  as  the  rule  thus  informs, 
Shall  approach  within  one  of  the  number  of  terms. 
Stand  over  the  factors,  whose  product  must  be 
Multiplied  by  the/rs<  term,  and  the  last  term  we  see. 


the  left  hand  period.  Then  subtract  it  therefrom,  and 
to  the  remainder  bring  down  the  next  period  fur  a 
dividend. 

Double  the  root,  already  found,  for  a  divisor,  or 

see  how  many  times  it  is  contained  in  the  dividend, 

exclusive  of  its  right  hand  figure,  and  place  the  result 

in  the  root,  for  the  second  figure  of  it,  and  likewise 

j  put  the  same  figure  at  the  right  hand  of  the  divisor. 

I      iMultiply  the  divisor  with  the  last  figure  annexed, 

I  "jy  the  last  placed  in  the  root,  and  subtract  the  product 

from  the  dividend,  and  to  the  remainder  bring  down 

the  next  period  for  a  new  dividend. 

Double  the  figures  already  found  in  the  root,  for  a 
new  divisor,  and  from  these  find  the  next  figure  in 
the  Tbot,  as  last  directed,  and  so  proceed  till  tlie  whole 
is  finished. 

Cube  Root. 


Separate  the  given  numbers  into  periods  of 
three  figures  each,  by  putting  a  point  over  the  unit 
figure,  and  every  3d  Jigurc  beyond  the  place  of  units. 

Find  the  greatest  cube  in  the  left  hand  period,  and 
set  the  root  in  the  quotient. 

Subtract  the  cube,  thus  found,  from  the  said  period, 
and  to  the  remainder  bring  the  next  period  down  for 
a  dividend. 

Multiply  the  square  of  the  quotient  by  300,  calling 
it  the  divisor. 

Seek  how  many  times  the  divisor  may  be  had  in 
the  dividend,  and  place  the  result  in  the  root ;  then 
multiply  the  divisor  by  this  quotient  figure,  and  wnrite 
the  product  under  the  dividend. 

Multiply  the  square  of  this  quotient  figure  by  the 
former  figure  or  figures  of  the  root,  and  this  product 
by  30,  and  place  the  product  under  the  last;  under 
all,  write  the  cube  of  this  quotient  figure,  and  sub- 
tract the  amount  from  the  dividend,  and  to  the 
remainder  bring  down  the  next  period  for  a  new 
dividend,  with  which  proceed  as  before,  until  the  work 
is  finished. 


Geometrical  Progression. 

R  U  L  K  . 

First  put  down  a  few  leading  powers  of  the 
ratio,  with  the  indices  placed  over  them,  beginning 
at  one.  Add  the  most  convenient  indices  together, 
to  make  an  index  one  less  than  the  number  of  the 
term  sought. 

Multiply  together  the  powers  belonging  to  these 
indices,  and  their  product,  nuiltiplied  by  the  first 
term,  will  be  the  answer. 


THE      END. 


.»»" 


subtract  it  therefrom,  and 
ivn  the  next  period  fo{  a 

found,  for  a  divisor,  or 
tntaincd  in  the  dividend, 
gure,  and  place  the  result 
figure  of  it,  and  likewise 
ight  hand  of  the  divisor, 
the  last  figure  annexed, 
,  and  subtract  the  product 
be  remainder  bring  down 
vidcnd. 

y  found  in  the  root,  for  a 
!  find  the  next  figure  in 
I  so  proceed  till  the  whole 


loot 


imbers  into  periods  of 
ng  a  point  over  the  unit 
leyond  the  place  of  units, 
the  left  hand  period,  and 

und,  from  the  said  period, 
ihe  next  period  down  for 

I  quotient  by  300,  calling 

e  divisor  may  be  had  in 
result  in  the  root;  then 
]uoticnt  figure,  and  write 
nd. 

lis  quotient  figure  by  the 
ic  root,  and  this  product 
\A  under  the  last ;  under 
juoticnt  figure,  and  sub- 
e  dividend,  and  to  the 
next  period  for  a  new 
1  as  before,  until  the  work 


'rogreaaion. 


leading  powers  of  the 
h1  over  them,  beginning 
venient  indices  together, 
;han  the   number  of  the 

wers  belonging  to  these 
multipUed  by  the  first 


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